Reversible data hiding for high quality images using modification of prediction errors

1
Reversible data hiding for high quality
images using modification of prediction errors
Source The Journal of Systems and Software,
In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 3
June 2009 Authors Wien Hong, Tung-Shou Chen,
and Chih-Wei Shiu Presenter Chia-Chun Wu Date
September 4, 2009
2
OUTLINE

• INTRODUCTION
• RELATED WORKS
• PROPOSED SCHEME
• EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
• CONCLUSIONS

3
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• ?????????????????????,????????????????????????????
  ,?????????????,????Ni???????????????????,?????????
  ????????????????????????

4
INTRODUCTION (1/3)
Reversible data hiding(Lossless Data Hiding)
Cover Image
Lossless Embedding
Stego-image
Secret Data
Modification of Prediction Errors (MPE)
Lossless Cover Image
Lossless Exaction
Stego-image
Secret Data
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INTRODUCTION (2/3)

• Reversible data hiding (Lossless Data Hiding)
• Application
• medical images, military photos, law enforcement
• Challenges
• Capacity
• Quality

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INTRODUCTION (3/3)

• Reversible data hiding schemes
• Difference expansion
• Reversible data embedding using a difference
  expansion, Jun Tian, IEEE Transactions on
  Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol.
  13, no. 8, pp. 890 896, Aug. 2003
• Reversible watermark using the difference
  expansion of a generalized integer transform,
  Alattar, A.M. IEEE Transactions on Image
  Processing, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 1147 - 1156, Aug.
  2004
• Adaptive lossless steganographic scheme with
  centralized difference expansion, C.C. Lee, H.C.
  Wu, C.S. Tsai, and Y.P. Chu, Pattern Recognition,
  vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 2097-2106, 2008
• Histogram modification
• Reversible data hiding, Z. Ni, Y.Q. Shi, N.
  Ansari, and W. Su, IEEE Transactions on Circuits
  and Systems for Video Technology, vol.16, no.3,
  pp. 354 362, March 2006
• Hiding Data Reversibly in an Image via Increasing
  Differences between Two Neighboring Pixels, C.C.
  Lin and N.L. Hsueh, IEICE Transactions on
  Information and Systems, vol. E90D, no.12, Dec.
  2007
• A lossless data hiding scheme based on
  three-pixel block differences, C.C. Lin and N.L.
  Hsueh, Pattern Recognition vol. 41, no. 4, pp.
  1415 1425, April 2008

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RELATED WORKS (1/3)
Ni et al.s method
Original image
5 6 5 6 7
5 6 6 6 5
2 3 5 6 2
1 3 1 0 2
1 2 3 3 2
Histogram ofpixel values
Peak point
Secret data embedding
Zero point
101100
unchanged
5 6 5 6 7
5 6 6 6 5
2 3 5 6 2
1 3 1 0 2
1 2 3 3 2
4 6 4 5 7
4 6 6 5 4
2 3 4 5 2
1 3 1 0 2
1 2 3 3 2
Extracting
Stego image
101100
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RELATED WORKS (2/3)
Thodi and Rodriguezs method
204 205
203 202
c b
a xi
pi 204
a 203, b 205, c 204, xi 202
Predicted value xi 2 ?pi / 2?
xi 2 ?204 / 2? 204
Prediction error ei between xi and xi ei xi
xi
ei xi xi -2
Expanded prediction error Ei 2 ei sj
If secret bit sj 1, Ei 2 ei sj -3
Stego-pixel yi xi Ei. ( or yi xi ei
sj)
yi 204 (-3) 201
Embedding phase
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RELATED WORKS (3/3)
Thodi and Rodriguezs method
204 205
203 201
pi 204
a 203, b 205, c 204, yi 201
Secret bit sj LSB(yi),
Predicted value yi 2 ?pi / 2?
sj LSB(yi) LSB(201) 1
Expanded prediction error Ei yi yi
yi 2 ?204 / 2? 204
Ei 201 204 -3
Prediction error ei ?Ei / 2?
ei ?-3/ 2? -2
xi yi ei (or xi yi ei sj).
xi 204 (-2) 202
Extracting phase
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PROPOSE SCHEME (1/6)
More suitable
Histograms of prediction errors and histogram of
pixels in the spatial domain for images Lena and
Baboon.
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PROPOSE SCHEME (2/6)

c b
a x

Prediction error ei xi pi.
Embedding phase
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PROPOSE SCHEME (3/6)
Secret 1012
154
156
153
156
154 156 153 153
154
154
151
154 156 153 153
154 156 150 148
154 157 157 157
151 158 157 155
157
149
157
148
154
158
157
157
158
157
155
Stego image I
Original image I
p2 154
c min (a, b) ? p1 156
e2 x2 p2 -4 non-embeddable e2 e2 1
-5
e1 x1 p1 0 embeddable e e 1 1
stopping location L
p5 150
e5 x5 p5 7, all secret bits are embedded,
set L(2,2)
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PROPOSE SCHEME (4/6)

c b
a x

Prediction error ei xi pi.
Extracting phase
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PROPOSE SCHEME (5/6)
154
156
156
153
153
153
154 156 153 153
154
154
151
154 156 153 153
154 157 149 148
154 158 157 157
151 158 157 155
156
154
157
150
149
148
Original image I
Stego image I
c min (a, b) ? p1 156
p2 154
e1 x1 p1 1 secret bit 1 e e - 1 0
e2 x2 p2 -5 no secret bit e e 1 -4
p3 149
e3 x3 p3 -1 secret bit 0
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PROPOSE SCHEME (6/6)
154 156 153 153
154
154
151
154 156 153 153
154 157 149 148
154 158 157 157
151 158 157 155
157
156
154
150
157
149
148
154
158
157
157
157
158
157
155
Original image I
Stego image I
p5 150
c min (a, b) ? p4 157
e1 x1 p5 7 L (2,2) all embedded message
has been extracted
e1 x1 p4 1 secret bit 1 e e - 1 0
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EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS (1/6)
Experimental results of some commonly used images
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EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS (2/6)
Comparison of PSNR with same embedding capacity
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EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS (3/6)
Experimental results for 23 natural photographic
test images sized 768 512 (payload is measured
in bits).
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EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS (4/6)
Experimental results for test images
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EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS (5/6)
Capacity versus distortion performance of various
methods for test images
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EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS (6/6)
Capacity versus distortion performance of various
methods for test images
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CONCLUSIONS

• The embedding capacity of proposed scheme is much
  higher than that of Ni et al.s method.
• The visual quality of the proposed method is
  better than that of Thodis method.

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• ??
• ????????,???????????,Peak bin?index??0,??,?Ni.????
  ????,?????????Zero bin?Peak bin????
• Ni.????????,???????????,??????????????????,?????St
  opping Location L???Secret Data??????????,????????
  ??????????????,???????????
• ??
• ?Ni.????????,???????????Stopping Location
  L????????

24
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• ?????????3????????????,????????1??????????????????
  ?,????????????,?????????????,Peak
  bin?????0???,????????????????? (Peak
  bin???????????)?