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Title: Documenting%20Sources:%20MLA%20


1
Documenting SourcesMLA APA
  • by
  • Sharon Cronk-Raby

2
Why Document?
  • In research writing, it is the research that wins
    or loses an argument.
  • When you conduct research, you will find sources
    that support your main ideas.
  • When you use those sources in your paper, you
    must document those sources, which means giving
    credit to the sources where you find the
    information.
  • When you give credit to the original source, you
    give proper credit to the author, and you avoid
    Plagiarism!

3
Plagiarism
  • According to the 6th Edition of Kirszner
    Mandells The Brief Wadsworth Handbook, on page
    195, it states, Plagiarism is presenting
    another persons ideas or words as if they were
    your own.
  • Intentional Plagiarism includes copying and
    pasting word-for-word from another place
    (internet, journal article, another student), on
    purpose, in the hopes of passing off that work as
    ones own.
  • Unintentional Plagiarism includes improper use of
    quotation marks or improperly citing sources per
    one of the prescribed methods.
  • Additionally, the same Handbook, also on page
    195, notes The most common cause of
    unintentional plagiarism is sloppy research
    habits.
  • Dont let short-term habits cost you long-term
    consequences ! ! !

4
Consequencesof Plagiarism
  • The consequences of Plagiarism could include
  • Missed points on an assignment (if the plagiarism
    is unintentional and the assignment is a smaller
    one intended for learning documentation style)
  • A failing grade on the plagiarized work
  • A failing grade in the course
  • Expulsion from school

5
How To Document?
  • There are a variety of different citation styles,
    based on a persons major or the college of
    attendance.
  • The 2 main documentation styles
  • MLA (Modern Language Association)
  • http//www.mla.org/
  • http//www.mla.org/style
  • http//www.mlahandbook.org
  • APA (American Psychological Association)
  • http//www.apa.org/

6
Another Helpful Web Site
  • Another helpful web site for all things grammar
    and writing
  • The OWL (Online Writing Lab) at Purdue
  • http//owl.english.purdue.edu/

7
Summarizing, Paraphrasing, Quoting
  • Whether you summarize, paraphrase, or quote from
    a source, you must document the ideas and/or the
    words!
  • Summary Taking a long passage and condensing
    the ideas into your own words. A summary
    includes just the main ideas and is much shorter
    than the original work. You must document the
    sources ideas even though you rewrite those
    ideas into your own words.
  • Paraphrase Taking a passage and giving a
    detailed rephrasing in your own words. A
    paraphrased passage is roughly the same length as
    the original work. You must document the
    sources ideas even though you rewrite those
    ideas into your own words.
  • Quote Using a sources exact words, complete
    with exact wording and punctuation. You must
    document the sources exact words and their ideas
    in those exact words.

8
Direct Quotes
  • A direct quote must include an identifying tag,
    as well as the exact words of the source.
  • An identifying tag connects the writers words to
    the sources words.
  • Typically, the tag sets up where the quote is
    from or whose words/idea it is.

9
Strong Verbs
  • Use strong verbs in your tags.
  • Instead of repeating says or states or
    tells, try other verbs, such as the following
    (though this is just a sampling, not a complete
    list!)
  • acknowledges concludes implies proposes
  • admits concurs indicates reports
  • affirms discloses insists speculates
  • believes explains notes suggests
  • claims finds observes summarizes
  • comments illustrates predicts warns

10
Types of Tagsfor Direct Quotes
  • A tag can come at the Beginning, the Middle, or
    the End. Notice the punctuation between the tag
    and the quote, and pay attention to
    capitalization, too.
  • Beginning John Smith, the Director of the Smell
    the Roses Institute, claims, It is best to stop
    and smell the roses.
  • Middle It is best, John Smith, Director of
    the Smell the Roses Institute, acknowledges, to
    stop and smell the roses.
  • End It is best to stop and smell the roses,
    argues John Smith, Director of the Smell the
    Roses Institute.
  • The above examples are examples of tags later,
    we will
  • discuss the additional MLA or APA
    documentation that is
  • required.

11
Types of Tagsfor Direct Quotes
  • A colon can be used in a tag to set up a quote.
  • Remember, to use a colon correctly, a full
    sentence must be used before the colon.
  • John Smith, Director of the Smell the Roses
    Institute, has spent a lifetime analyzing the
    effect of roses on health When one takes time
    to smell the roses, one can be happiest.
  • The above examples are examples of tags later,
    we will
  • discuss the additional MLA or APA
    documentation that is
  • required.

12
Types of Tagsfor Direct Quotes
  • A blended quote connects the words and ideas of
    the writer and of the source in a different way,
    with different punctuation and capitalization.
    The words and ideas from the writer and from the
    source blend together into one full and complete
    sentence, and it is only through the quotation
    marks that a reader can discern where ones words
    end and the others words begin. The citation
    (to be discussed in full in later slides) is
    where the credit is given.
  • MLA Every person, at least once every day,
    should stop and smell the roses (Smith 95).
  • APA Every person, at least once every day,
    should stop and smell the roses (Smith, 2009,
    p. 8).

13
2 Parts of Documentation
  • In order to give full and proper credit to a
    source, you must include 2 parts
  • In the body of the paper, whenever you summarize,
    paraphrase, or quote from a source, you must use
    a properly formatted in-text citation.
  • For every source you use and cite in the body of
    your paper, you must include a fully-formatted
    entry on the Works Cited page (MLA) or References
    page (APA).

14
EXAMPLES forWorks Cited (MLA) or References (APA)
  • In the next several slides,
  • some examples
  • will be provided
  • of the most common
  • types of sources.
  • However, this PowerPoint is not meant as a
    substitution for a style manual
  • it is meant as additional clarification to be
    used in conjunction with a style manual.

15
A Short Story, Play, Or Poemin an Edited
Anthology
  • MLA
  • Authors Last Name, First Name Middle if given.
    Title of Story, Play, or Poem. Name of the
    Edited Anthology. Editors name Ed. stands for
    Edited by, so do not use Eds. for more than 1
    editor. Edition. City of Publication
    Abbreviated Name of Publisher, year. Start-End
    page numbers. Type of source.
  • Chopin, Kate. The Storm. Literature Reading,
    Reacting, Writing. Ed. Laurie G Kirszner and
    Stephen R. Mandell. 6th ed. Boston Wadsworth,
    2010. 313-17. Print.

16
A Short Story, Play, Or Poemin an Edited
Anthology
  • APA
  • Authors Last Name, Fist Initial. Middle Initial
    if given. (Year). Title of story, play, or
    poem. In First Initial. Middle Initial. if
    given Last Name (Ed.) or Eds. for more than one
    editor, Name of edited anthology (p. for one
    page, pp. for multiple pages). City or City,
    State if an unknown city Name of Publisher.
  • Lorde, A. (1984). Age, race, and class. In P.S.
    Rothenberg (Ed.), Racism and sexism An
    integrated study (pp. 352-360). New York St.
    Martins Press.

17
Book 1 Author
  • MLA
  • Authors Last Name, First Name Middle Name if
    given. Book Title. City of Publication
    Abbreviated Name of Publisher, year. Print.
  • Bettelheim, Bruno. The Uses of Enchantment The
    Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales. New York
    Knopf, 1976. Print.

18
Book 1 Author
  • APA
  • Authors Last Name, First Initial. Middle
    Initial. if given. (Year). Name of book. City
    of Publication Name of Publisher.
  • Maslow, A. H. (1974). Toward a psychology of
    being. Princeton Van Nostrand.

19
Book multiple authors
  • Notice the order of authors names
  • MLA
  • Authors Last Name, First Name, and First Name
    Last Name. Name of Book. City of Publication
    Abbreviated Name of Publisher, Year of
    Publication. Print.
  • Peters, Michael A., and Nicholas C. Burbules.
    Poststructuralism and Educational Research.
    Lanham Rowman, 2004. Print.

20
Book multiple authors
  • Notice the order of authors names
  • APA
  • Authors Last Name, First Initial., Last Name,
    First Initial, Last Name, First Initial. (Year
    of Publication). Name of Book. City of
    Publication Name of Publisher.
  • Wolfinger, D., Knable, P., Richards, H.L.,
    Silberger, R. (2007). The chronically unemployed.
    New York Berman Press.

21
Database Sources Definition
  • Most colleges, universities, and libraries
    subscribe to the same academic databases. Here
    is a sampling
  • InfoTrac OneFile Plus
  • MasterFILE Premier
  • LexisNexis
  • ProQuest
  • EBSCOHost
  • Gale
  • Academic Premier
  • Wilson
  • Facts on File
  • In these databases, there is a compilation of
    many sources (usually sources that were formerly
    in print).
  • Peer-Reviewed sources are the most reliable!
  • To give full and proper credit, you need to give
    credit to the author, as well as to the original
    publication you also need to provide the path
    for how you found the information.

22
A Scholarly Journal Article(annual
publication)from an Online Database
  • MLA
  • Authors Last Name, First Name Middle if given.
    Title of Article. Name of Journal Article
    volume.issue (year of publication) start-end
    page numbers. Name of Database. Web. Day
    Abbreviated Month Year date retrieved.
  • Schaefer, Richard J. Editing Strategies in
    Television News Documentaries. Journal of
    Communication 47.4 (1997) 69-89. InfoTrac
    OneFile Plus. Web. 2 Oct. 2002.

23
A Scholarly Journal Article(annual
publication)from an Online Database
  • APA
  • Authors Last Name, First Initial. (year). Title
    of article. Name of Journal Article, volume,
    start-end page numbers. Retrieved from URL.
  • Miller, W. (1969). Violent crimes in city gangs.
    Journal of Social Issues, 27, 581-593. Retrieved
    from http//proquest.com/social.27.org.aspx/227.
    com

24
A Monthly Magazine Articlefrom an Online Database
  • MLA
  • Authors Last Name, First Name. Title of
    Article. Name of Magazine Month Year start-end
    page numbers. Name of Database. Web. Day
    Abbreviated Month Year. date retrieved
  • Livermore, Beth. Meteorites on Ice. Astronomy
    July 1993 54-58. Expanded Academic ASAP Plus.
    Web. 12 Nov. 2003.
  • Wright, Karen. The Clot Thickens. Discover Dec.
    1999 n. pag. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 10 Oct.
    2003.

25
A Monthly Magazine Articlefrom an Online Database
  • APA
  • Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial if
    given. (Date listed as Year, Month Day).
    Title of article. Name of Magazine,
    volume(issue), start-end page numbers. Retrieved
    from URL.
  • Livermore, B. (1993, July). Meteorites on ice.
    Astronomy, 16(3), 54-58. Retrieved from
    http//academicasap.edu/meteor_ aspx_853.com

26
A Newspaper Articlefrom an Online Database
  • MLA
  • Last Name, First Name. Title of Article. Name
    of Newspaper Day Abbreviated Month Year
    section pages. Name of Database. Web. Day
    Abbreviated Month Year. (date retrieved)
  • Meyer, Greg. Answering Questions about the West
    Nile Virus. Dayton Daily News 11 July 2002
    Z3-7. LexisNexis. Web. 17 Feb. 2003.

27
A Newspaper Articlefrom an Online Database
  • APA
  • Authors Last Name, First Initial. (Date listed
    as Year, Month Day). Title of article. Name of
    newspaper, p. section/. Retrieved from URL.
  • Meyer, G. (2002, July 11). Answering questions
    about the West Nile Virus. Dayton Daily News,
    Z3-7. Retrieved from httpebscohost.org.z37.west_n
    ile.org/200211.htm

28
Internet Sources Definition
  • An Internet source is an online source that does
    not come from a database.
  • An Internet search is a general web search using
    a browser, such as Google or Yahoo.
  • Be careful of the Internet information you use in
    a research paper!!!
  • Google Scholar More likely to find reputable
    sources (but verify each source individually
    based on its own merits) http//scholar.google
    .com/schhp?hlentabws
  • Avoid Wikipedia in academic writing ! ! !

29
Internet Sites
  • According to the 6th edition of Kirszner
    Mandells The Brief Wadsworth Handbook, on page
    223, it notes
  • MLA style recognizes that full source
    information for Internet sources is not always
    available. Include in your citation whatever
    information you can reasonably obtain the author
    or editor of the site (if available) the name of
    the site (italicized) the version number of the
    source (if applicable) the name of any
    institution or sponsor (if unavailable, include
    the abbreviation N.p. for no publisher) the
    date of electronic publication or update (if
    unavailable, include the abbreviation n.d. for
    no date of publication) the publication medium
    (Web) and the date you accessed the source.

30
Internet Sites
  • MLA
  • Authors Last Name, First Name. Title of
    Article. Name of Web Site. Sponsor of Site, Date
    of Publication listed as Day Abbreviated Month
    Year. Web. Date Retrieved listed as Day
    Abbreviated Month Year. ltURLgt. If the brackets
    disappear when you hit enter, hit the undo or
    back button, which is typically a blue arrow.
  • Baard, Mark. Will Genetic Engineering Kill Us?
    Wired News. Lycos, 16 Apr. 2003. Web. 12 Feb.
    2004. ltwww.wired.com/news/medtech/0,1286,58467,
    00.htmlgt.

31
Internet Sites
  • According to the 6th edition of Kirszner
    Mandells The Brief Wadsworth Handbook, on page
    260, it notes
  • APA guidelines for documenting electronic
    sources focus on Web sources, which often do not
    include all the bibliographic information that
    print sources do. For example, Web sources may
    not include page numbers or a place of
    publication. At a minimum, a Web citation should
    have a title, a date (the date of publication,
    update, or retrieval), and a Digital Object
    Identifier (DOI) (when available) or an
    electronic address (URL). If possible, also
    include the author(s) of a source.
  • When you need to divide a URL at the end of a
    line, break it before a slash or period (do not
    add a hyphen). Do not add a period at the end of
    the URL.

32
Internet Sites
  • APA
  • Authors Last Name, First/Middle Initials. (Year
    of publication). Title of article. Name of
    publication, volume(issue), start-end page
    numbers. doi
  • Yip, T., Gee, G.C., Takeuchi, D.T. (2008).
    Racial discrimination and psychological distress
    The impact of ethnic identity and age among
    immigrants and United States-born Asian adults.
    Developmental Psychology, 44(3), 787-800. doi
    10.1037/0012-1649.44.3.787

33
Article in an Online Magazine(not from a
Database)
  • MLA
  • Authors Last Name, First Name. Title of
    Article. Name of Web Site. Name of Publication,
    Date of Original Publication listed as Day
    Abbreviated Month Year. Web. Date Retrieved
    listed as Day Abbreviated Month Year. ltURLgt.
    If the brackets disappear when you hit enter,
    click the back/undo arrow.
  • Weiser, Jay. The Tyranny of Informality. Time.
    Time, 26 Feb. 1996. Web. 1 Mar. 2002.
    ltwww.time.com/tyrannyof/333987/up/76.htmlgt.

34
Article in an Online Magazine(not from a
Database)
  • APA
  • Authors Last Name, First/Middle Initials. (Year,
    Month Day). Title of article. Name of Magazine,
    volume(issue), start-end page numbers. Retrieved
    from URL.
  • McCurdy, H.G. (1983, June). Brain mechanisms and
    intelligence. Psychology Today, 46, 61-63.
    Retrieved from www.psychologytoday.com/intelligenc
    e_ 466163.J1983.html

35
Article in an Online Newspaper(not from a
Database)
  • MLA
  • Authors Last Name, First Name. Title of
    Article. Name of Web Site. Name of Newspaper,
    date of newspaper listed as Day Abbreviated
    Month Year. Web. Date Accessed listed as Day
    Abbreviated Month Year. ltURLgt. If the
    brackets disappear when you hit enter, click the
    back/undo button.
  • Wyatt, Edward. Electronic Device Stirs Unease at
    Book Fair. New York Times. New York Times, 2
    June 2008. Web. 12 June 2008. ltwww.nyt.com.bookfai
    r_org_asp.135790. comgt.

36
Article in an Online Newspaper(not from a
Database)
  • APA
  • Authors Last Name, First/Middle Initials. (Year,
    Month Day). Title of article. Name of Newspaper,
    page numbers. Retrieved from URL
  • James, W.R (1993, November 16). The uninsured and
    health care. Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, A14.
    Retrieved from www.wallstreetjournal.com/healthcar
    e/1993_11_16.A1A14_wsj.htm

37
In-Text Citations
  • An in-text citation includes limited information
    so as to not interrupt the flow of the written
    information, but it provides enough to give
    credit for the summarized, paraphrased, or quoted
    material.
  • An in-text citation leads the reader to the
    source alphabetically on the Works Cited page
    (MLA) or the References page (APA), where the
    full information about the source can be found.

38
Examples of In-Text Citations
  • MLA
  • The In-Text Citation for an MLA-formatted
    reference will include the authors last name (or
    whatever piece of information appears first in
    the entry, if no author is given) and page number
    with no punctuation between the two items.

39
Examples of In-Text Citations
  • MLA
  • Summary/Paraphrase, with the author included in
    the sentence
  • Tom Smith agrees that the grass is
  • greener on the other side of the fence
  • (95).
  • Summary/Paraphrase, with no author included in
    the sentence
  • The grass is greener on the other side of
  • the fence (Smith 95).

40
Examples of In-Text Citations
  • MLA
  • Direct Quote, with the author included in the
    tag
  • Tom Smith claims, On the other side of
  • the fence, one might think the grass is
  • greener (95).
  • Direct Quote, with no author named in the tag
  • According to the author, On the other
  • side of the fence, one might think the
  • grass is greener (Smith 95).

41
Examples of In-Text Citations
  • APA
  • The In-Text Citation for an APA-formatted
    reference will include the authors last name (or
    whatever piece of information appears first in
    the entry, if no author is given) and the year of
    the source with a comma between the two pieces
    of information.
  • For the In-Text Citation for a Direct Quote, also
    add the page number (if available). If the page
    number is not available, use a paragraph number
    instead. Abbreviate page as p. Abbreviate
    pages as pp. Abbreviate paragraph as
    para. or use the symbol for paragraph.

42
Examples of In-Text Citations
  • APA
  • Summary/Paraphrase, with the author included in
    the sentence
  • Tom Smith (2009) agrees that the grass is
    greener on the other side of the fence.
  • Summary/Paraphrase, with no author included in
    the sentence
  • The grass is greener on the other side of
  • the fence (Smith, 2009).

43
Examples of In-Text Citations
  • APA
  • Direct Quote, with the author included in the
    tag
  • Tom Smith (2009) claims, On the other
  • side of the fence, one might think the
  • grass is greener (p. 95).
  • Direct Quote, with no author named in the tag
  • According to the author, On the other
  • side of the fence, one might think the
  • grass is greener (Smith, 2009, p. 95).

44
Formatting Notes
  • 1 Margins
  • 12-Point Fonts
  • Double Spacing
  • Page Headers
  • MLA Writers Last Name page number
  • APA Title page number
  • The Works Cited (MLA) or References (APA) should
    start flush at the left margin be indented
    after the first line.
  • The Works Cited (MLA) or References (APA) should
    be alphabetized.

45
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