Challenges and Implications of SmartGrid Implementation

1
Challenges and Implications of SmartGrid
Implementation

• Andrew Cross
• CIRED DC Chairman
• EA Technology UK

2
Overview

• CIRED and Smartgrids
• Examples from CIRED authors
• Experiences and Barriers
• Conclusions

3
CIRED Networking in an Open Electricity Market

• CIRED is derived from "Congrès International
  des Réseaux Electriques de Distribution
• in English International Conference on
  Electricity Distribution.
• An international association under Belgian law.
• CIRED, the Leading Forum where the Electricity
  Distribution Community meets, is the major
  International Electricity Conference Exhibition
  held every two years in different venues in
  Europe with a world-wide perspective and
  participation.

4
CIRED - An Expanding International Forum
National Committees AustriaBelgiumChinaCroatia
DenmarkFinlandFranceGermanyItalyNetherlands
NorwayPortugalSpainSwedenSwitzerlandUK
LiaisonCommittees Algeria Argentina Australia
Bahrain Bosnia Herzegovina BrazilCanadaCzech
RepublicEgyptGreeceHungaryIndiaIranKoreaMa
laysiaMontenegroPolandRomaniaRussiaSerbiaSlo
veniaUSA
IET UK AIM Belgium
Directing Committee
CIREDSecretariat
Technical Committee
Session AdvisoryGroups Session 1 Session
2 Session 3 Session 4 Session 5 Session 6
OrganisationCommittee
4
5
CIRED 2007 Conference

• Technical Themes
• Network Components
• Power Quality and EMC
• Operation, Control and Protection of Supply
  Systems
• Distributed Generation - Management Utilisation
  of Electricity
• Power Distribution System Development
• Deregulation, Management, Organisation and Skills

1100 delegates
6 Main Sessions
16 Round Tables
400 Posters
www.cired2007.org
6
CIRED 2009 Conference
Innovation in Electricity Distribution for a
Sustainable Future
8-11 June 2009 at the Prague Congress
Centre www.cired.org.uk
7
CIRED Seminar 2008 SmartGrids for Distribution

• 23-24 June in Frankfurt
• 100 Technical papers from 25 countries
• 5 keynotes
• SmartGrids Technology Platform impact of SDD on
  Network Companies Pier Nabuurs
• SmartGrid development the view of the DNO
  Livio Gallo
• SmartGrid Industrial Research Landscape Duncan
  Botting
• Role of the TNO working together to shape the
  future of SmartGrids Chris Murray
• EU Research to support development of smart
  networks Wiktor Raldow
• Regulator discussion panel

www.ciredsmartgrids.org
8
Smartgrid Solutions Status
. Development
Research
Trials
. Roll out

• Lots of research activity
• Development of practical solutions
• Trials of new technology
• Implementation in particular areas

9
Where is the activity

• Improving network utilisation including dynamic
  ratings and real-time dynamic power flow
  management
• Managing the transition from passive to active
  networks
• System protection and security of supply
• Energy Management Systems, smart metering, demand
  control and variation
• New circuits design and planning integrating
  Distributed Energy Resources (DER) demand
  response
• Overcoming barriers to SmartGrid development

10
Examples from CIRED Authors
11
Active Networks Load Management in a UK
Registered Power Zone

• Significant amounts of wind generation are under
  construction in the area surrounding Skegness
  including both off-shore and on-shore
  developments.
• Most of this generation needs to be exported from
  Skegness to Boston via an existing dual circuit
  (1x175mm2) 132kV tower line.
• If conventional Winter/Summer ratings were
  applied it would be impossible to connect all the
  proposed wind generation as this circuit would be
  overloaded
• Solution is to apply a dynamic line rating to the
  circuit based on real-time ambient temperature
  and wind speed data
• Generation increases as wind speed increases but
  the corresponding increase in cooling from the
  same wind combine to improve the rating of the
  circuit by 20-30
• All data is being captured and recorded to allow
  for verification and refinement of the process
  adopted
• This scheme will have benefits for other parts of
  the network where circuits existing conventional
  ratings are also apparently approaching their
  theoretical limits.

R. Ferris UK - Paper 0038 CIRED Smartgrids
Seminar
12
Impact of Microgrids concept on low voltage
network reliability

• Detailed analysis of basic impacts of dispersed
  generation (DG) such as wind turbines, PVsystems
  and CHP units on network reliability
• Demonstrated how a suitable Microgrid operation
  strategy with corresponding control and
  protection schemes may improve total network
  reliability for different customer segments
• Traditionally time-dependent limited availability
  is neglected for the determination of network
  reliability indices assuming a fixed operating
  point for DER with reduced availability
  corresponding to the percentage of full load
  hours of the generation technology (i.e. 10 for
  PV)
• An advanced approach which considers the synergy
  of time-dependent load profiles and generation
  profiles for an analytical reliability evaluation
  is described
• Potential for DG impact on reliability was
  analyzed for various DG penetration scenarios
  differentiated by location, capacity, number
  type
• Simulation results for three cases (1) without
  DG, (2) with uncontrolled DG (island operation
  mode) and (3) with Microgrid operation compared
• Difficulties in adequate simulation that result
  from the complexities of meshed network
  structures are pointed out.
• However, the available results indicate that DG
  improves reliability - especially when
  controllable units are installed

Christine Schwaeger Germany - Paper 0027 CIRED
Smartgrids Seminar
13
Virtual Power Plant Field Experiment using 10
micro-CHP units at Consumer Premises

• The experiment focused on the network utilization
• factor of the local distribution grid in 3
  settings
• 1. Baseline domestic load profile of 10
  households.
• 2. Fit-and-Forget load profile of 10 households
  plus mCHPs controlled in standard heat-demand
  driven manner
• VPP operation mCHP operation coordinated by
  PowerMatcher intelligent control in peak-load
  reduction mode, without any intrusion on comfort
  for consumers.
• The main conclusions from these experiments are
• A Fit-and-Forget policy did not provide benefits
  to the DNO in comparison to the baseline case.
  The load-duration curve was lowered on average by
  adding the m-CHPs. However, the peak load
  remained virtually unchanged.
• Adding VPP operation, based on intelligent
  control, led to a load-peak reduction of 30 in
  summer and 50 in winter.

B. Roossien Netherlands - Paper 0086 CIRED
Smartgrids Seminar
14
Application of energy storage systems
-minimizing effects of fluctuating feed-in of
photovoltaic systems
Fig. 1 Application of a plant storage system
(PS) to a PV unit

• Up to now the installation of plant storages to
  smooth the feeding is uneconomic
• The main reason is the law (EEG) which assures
  operators of renewable energy generator fixed
  feed-in tariffs for energy supply into the power
  grid. The feed-in does not have to fit the
  current electrical demand
• If the EEG would guarantee just a fixed feed-in
  tariff for generation which are applied a day
  before, renewable energy generators with energy
  storage systems may establish.
• Also feed-in tariffs which depend on the
  feeding-profile may lead to a market penetration
  of storage systems installed at distributed
  generators

G. Bärwaldt Germany - Paper 0112 CIRED
Smartgrids Seminar
15
InovGrid Project Distribution network evolution
as a decisive answer to new electrical sector
challenges

• Technical architecture being developed for the
  implementation of a fully active distribution
  network
• Energy Boxes (EB)nearest devices to consumers
  and producers, will support all meteringand
  contractual life-cycle relatedservices, also
  delivering through local communications detailed
  information support message exchange and,
  where applicable, support micro-generation
  management and control
• Distribution Transformer Controllers (DTC)
  housed at MV/LV substation level, that besides
  managing services and communication with EB,
  operate as intelligent devices for transformer
  station control automation, for fault detection
  and also for public light management
• Phase 2 includes developments in the areas of
  active distribution networks, self-healing,
  micro-generation control strategies to deal with
  islanded operation and to help in power system
  restoration after exploitation problems and
  blackout situations, network assets monitoring,
  automation and control, and demand response and
  side management techniques

L. Vale da Cunha Portugal - Paper 0030 CIRED
Smartgrids Seminar
16
Fenix architecture
Transmission System Operator
Distribution System Operators
Energy Markets
FENIX software
Aggregators
Households
CHP
Industrial commercial
Wind farms
20 partners, 4 years, budget is 14,7 MEuro
J. Corera Spain RT4c CIRED 2007
17
Norwegian Electricity Customers Attitudes
Towards Smart Metering

• Willingness to pay is higher among those who
  currently have smart metering (39) than those
  who do not (27)
• Confidence in smart metering is high 70 believe
  that it is as accurate as manual meter reading
• The proportion of sceptics is gradually falling
• Interest in using associated services is moderate

E. Fosby Norway - Paper 0052 CIRED Smartgrids
Seminar
18
A Roadmap for Developing Real Time Distribution
System Simulation Tools for the Smart Grid

• Simulation capabilities available to the
  operators play an important role in Smart Grid
  improvements by providing new perspectives on
  network operation with new possibilities for
  what if analyses and on network development
  with more accurate models
• However, the opportunities for new developments
  in simulation capabilities are very broad and
  efforts have to be strongly correlated to network
  operator needs and identified technical
  improvement pathways in order to be sure of their
  effectiveness
• A survey of the main experts of the industry was
  conducted to
• identify the main drivers of tool evolution
• determine the most likely path for evolution of
  simulation and modelling functionalities
• The results of this roadmap are intended to
  provide a high level view of the functionalities
  that will be needed in the next 10 years to allow
  SmartGrids operation

X.Mamo USA - Paper 0021 CIRED Smartgrids
Seminar
19
Active Network Management Technical,
Commercial Regulatory Barriers

• The following are likely to find most application
  in ANM
• FACTS devices (eg SVCs)
• MicroGrid Controllers
• SCADA
• The equipment associated with these ANM
  techniques are currently available in the
  marketplace from a number of manufacturers and
  little development work will be required to make
  these equipments available for widespread use
• Currently there is little penetration of ANM into
  UK distribution networks and the tools used by
  DNOs to plan and develop their networks generally
  do not include ANM techniques as options for
  network development
• Accordingly the lack of familiarity of the use of
  ANM techniques by DNO planners could be a barrier
  to ANM as the more traditional tried and tested
  solutions tend to used

G.D.Clarke UK - Paper 0122
20
Barriers to smart grids
Having established the case for smart grids the
paper examines reasons why they may not happen
other than in small splashes of limited
functionality. Potential barriers that are
examined include

• cultural barriers
• costs of development and implementation
• high levels of uncertainty
• regulatory risk
• perceived complexity
• risks from Cyber crime
• burden of operating and maintaining the solutions
• vested interests

C.Walton UK - Paper 0026 CIRED Smartgrids
Seminar
21
The route to smart grids
Finally we suggest some actions to make it more
likely that smart grids will emerge and take
their place in the future energy world. In other
words, what we need to do to make them happen.
These include

• regulatory frameworks
• suitable incentives that support appropriate
  investment
• increased emphasis on research and development
• collaboration within industry and between
  industry and academia
• recognition of the need to get demonstration
  projects into place
• planning for large-scale rollout
• putting into place standards
• the importance of ensuring interoperability
• need to validate that these complex systems are
  effective and safe

C.Walton UK - Paper 0026 CIRED Smartgrids
Seminar
22
Smart Grids on the road to reality
Key messages are as follows

• the sector is facing a paradigm shift, not a
  variant of existing classical grid practices
• the sector is facing the biggest change in 40
  years of grid development
• there is no simple blueprint, but there is an
  emerging vision and common concepts
• there are many stakeholders involved, each with
  critical roles to fulfill
• with multiple stakeholders involved, who is going
  to lead and co-ordinate
• what is required, beyond the technology, for
  successful implementation of smart grids

Key conclusions are
1. This is a revolution, not a variation on a
theme 2. The span of business impacts must be
addressed, not just the technology 3. There are
management issues to be identified and addressed
J.Scott UK - Paper 0097 CIRED Smartgrids Seminar
23
Some Personal Views
UK Distribution Company spend on Network RD
since 1990

• Distribution Network Operators are now commercial
  regulated businesses in most countries
• gt They require incentives to grasp innovation
  take risks
• Many SmartGrid applications have benefits that
  sprawl across DNO, TSO, generator, retailer,
  customer and community
• gt Unbundling makes these more difficult to
  realise and reduces their attractiveness

Privatisation
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In Conclusion

• There are powerful drivers taking us towards
  smarter or more intelligent networks
• Many smart grid technologies are in development
  with some available to deploy
• Implementation requires significant investment if
  it is to make an impact
• Regulatory acknowledgement is needed
• However, there is still plenty of work for the
  research, development, system builder and
  implementation communities in both T D