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Title: The New Republic


1
The New Republic
2
Study Guide Identifications
  • Northwest Ordinance
  • Treaty of Fort Stanwix
  • Elitists
  • Democrats
  • Shays Rebellion
  • Annapolis Convention
  • Articles of Confederation
  • Federal Convention
  • Federalists
  • Anti-federalists
  • Benjamin Franklin
  • Benjamin Rush
  • Thomas Jefferson
  • 1790 Immigration Act
  • Buffalo Party
  • Treaty of Greenville
  • Tenskwatawa
  • Tecumseh

3
Study Guide Focus Questions
  • What considerations did founding fathers debate
    when deciding how to structure the new
    government?
  • What events led leadership to reconsider the
    Articles of Confederation and devise the
    Constitution?
  • What political factions arose out of this debate
    and whose interests did they serve?

4
Post War
  • Crisis of Demobilizing the continental army
  • 1778 Congress promised officers life pensions at
    half pay in exchange for enlistment
  • 1783 Congress made no provisions
  • Officers fearful they would lose their pensions,
  • pressured congress, petitioned demanding that
    pensions be converted to a bonus equal to five
    years of full pay, or 10 at half.
  • Congress rejected the petition

5
The Letter
  • General Horatio Gates, backed by congressional
    nationalists circulated a letter arguing for
    direct military intervention calling an
    extraordinary meeting of the officer corps at
    Newburgh
  • Washington ignored the meeting, at his own he
    addressed those assembled condemning the letter
    but convinced congress to convert the pensions
    into bonuses
  • Averting a military coup
  • Common men were provided 3 months pay as a bonus
    and discharged at Washingtons instructions

6
Westward Expansion
  • 1784 congress extended national authority over
    the west
  • Thomas Jefferson drafted legislation
  • Population 20,000 in a territory could call a
    constitutional convention and government
  • When the population reached the population of the
    smallest of the original 13 colonies, they could
    petition for statehood
  • Congress accepted those proposals but rejected a
    vote of 7 to 6 Jeffersons clause forever
    prohibiting slavery in the west

7
Land Ordinance 1785
  • Provided for the survey and sale of western lands
  • Ordered system of survey, divided land into
    townships composed 640 acres
  • To establish a revenue base for government
    congress provided for the auction of public land
    for no less than a dollar per acre

8
Treaties of Fort Stanwix (1784) Fort McIntosh
(1785)
  • Congressional commissioners forced Iroquois
    other Ohio Tribes to cede portions of their
    territory
  • intimidation
  • seized hostages
  • forcing compliance

9
Northwest Ordinance 1787
  • Congress established a system of government for
    the territory north of Ohio
  • 3-5 states to be created, slavery prohibited

10
Local Identity
  • National government distant
  • Social political identity located in local
    communities states rather than the American
    nation
  • New Democratic ideology
  • 1774-1775 political mobilization broadened
    participation
  • Mass meetings
  • Greater numbers voted
  • Democratic position taken by farmers, artisans
    ordinary people and challenged colonial Tory
    position of the purpose of government

11
Who would Rule America?
  • Elitists or conservatives later the Federalists
  • Constituency Wealthier, better educated
  • Residents of Urban areas, commercially oriented
    towns, agricultural districts
  • Franchise limited to property holders/wealthy
    elite
  • Maintain power and wealth of the elite
  • Democrats or Radicals later the Democratic
    Republicans or Anti-Federalists
  • Constituency Small farmers who predominated in
    America
  • Believed common man capable of self-government
  • The essential task of government was to preserve
    the liberties of the people from greed and
    corruption of those who wielded power

12
1776-77 State Constitutions
  • 1776 Constitutional Convention
  • check the power of government to ensure liberty
    safeguard against Tyranny
  • Weakened executive authority
  • Increased power of legislature
  • bill of rights to limit interference in citizens
    lives

13
State Constitutions
  • First post-revolution debates focused on an
    appropriate governmental structure for the new
    states
  • Democrats believed the ideal form of government
  • community or town meeting,
  • people set their own tax rates,
  • Militia
  • schools churches
  • regulated the local economy
  • State government only needed for coordination
    among communities

14
Conservative/Whig position
  • Need for balanced government
  • The unthinking many should be checked by strong
    executive and an upper house
  • Insulated from popular control by property
    qualifications and long terms in office
  • Greatest danger was majority tyranny, which might
    lead to violation of property rights and
    dictatorship

15
Virginia State Constitution
  • Declaration of Rights 1776
  • Written by wealthy planter, democrat political
    philosopher George Mason
  • All men are by nature equally free and
    independent, and have certain inherent rights,
    namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with
    the means of acquiring and possessing property
    and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety.
  • Sovereignty resided in the people, the government
    was a servant of the people and the people had a
    right to reform, alter or abolish that government
  • Guarantees of due process, trial by jury in
    criminal prosecutions,
  • Prohibitions against excessive bail cruel and
    unusual punishment
  • People assured of the free exercise of religion,
    according to the dictates of conscience
  • Freedom of the press guaranteed as one of the
    great bulwarks of liberty

16
New Jersey
  • 1776 granted all inhabitants of full age, who
    resided there 12 months minimum worth 50 pounds
    the right to vote
  • Enfranchised single women who voted en massed and
    who were outspoken on political issues
  • After males protests, the legislature passed new
    law limiting the right to vote to free white male
    citizens (1807)

17
Articles of Confederation
  • Drafted in 1777 by the Continental Congress
  • Established a firm league of Friendship between
    and among the 13 states
  • Reflected wariness by the states of a strong
    central government
  • Vested the largest share of power in individual
    states
  • Denied Congress the power to collect taxes,
    regulate interstate commerce and enforce laws.

18
1776 - 1780
  • 13 states plus Vermont adopted constitutions
  • Shaped by the debate between radicals,
    conservatives, democrats Whigs
  • Pennsylvania adopted the most radically
    democratic constitutions
  • assembly would be elected annually by all free
    male taxpayers
  • North Carolina, Georgia, Vermont followed this
    model
  • Vermont adopted universal male suffrage
  • South Carolina Maryland created conservative
    institutions designed to maintain disparity
    between classes

19
Crisis of the 1780s
  • Depression that produced political protests,
  • Shays Rebellion generated a strong nationalist
    sentiment among elite circles
  • August 29, 1786
  • Revolutionary veteran, Daniel Shay led an armed
    rebellion against the harsh taxes placed upon
    farmers in which the arsenal at Springfield,
    Mass. Was threatened.
  • significance elite wanted a re-evaluation of the
    Articles of Confederation, to create a government
    that could effectively manage peoples rebellions

20
Annapolis Convention, 1786
  • Hamilton called the meeting in Maryland for
    representatives of all 13 states
  • 12 Delegates, 5 States
  • Powerful political movement dedicated to
    strengthening national government
  • Annapolis Convention 1786
  • passed a resolution requesting that the
    Confederation Congress call on all state to send
    delegates to a national convention to revise the
    articles of confederation

21
Federal ConventionPhiladelphia 1787
  • Centralization in favor of merchants, bankers,
    planters conservatives
  • How much power to allow the central government
  • How many representatives in congress to allow
    each state
  • How the representatives should be elected
  • Directly or by state legislatures

22
The Federalist Papers
  • Written between 1787-88 by nationalists
  • 85 articles arguing for the ratification of the
    United States Constitution
  • Primary source for the interpretation of the
    constitution
  • Outline the philosophy and motivation for the
    proposed system of government
  • Most people believed the constitution granted too
    much power to the central government, weakening
    the autonomy of local communities and states

23
Federalist Papers
  • Federalist No. 10
  • Advocates for a large, strong republic to guard
    against factions," groups of citizens with
    interests contrary to the rights of others or the
    interests of the whole community.
  • Federalist No. 84 opposition to Bill of Rights
  • Anti-Federalist Papers
  • Collection of articles written in opposition to
    the ratification of the 1787 Constitution of the
    United States in favor of Bill of rights

24
Bill of Rights 1791Legacy of Anti-federalists
  • Freedom of religion
  • Freedom of assembly
  • Freedom of Speech
  • Freedom of the press
  • Right of Petition
  • Right to bear Arms
  • Restrain government from unreasonable searches or
    seizures
  • Guaranteed traditional legal rights under common
    law
  • Prohibition of double jeopardy
  • Right not to be compelled to testify against
    oneself
  • Due process of law before life, liberty, or
    property could be taken
  • Unremunerated rights of people protects
  • Powers not delegated to federal government were
    reserved for the states

25
The Constitution, 1787
  • Admirers
  • Laid the foundation for the democratization and
    expansion of the Republic
  • Critics
  • Undermines democratic principles of the
    Declaration of Independence in order to safeguard
    the interests of the wealthy

26
The United States
  • George Washington 1789
  • New Government planters, merchants, financiers
  • Organized Americas export based on foreign trade
  • Composition of American Population
  • 9 0f 10 Americans lived on farms
  • Non Citizens
  • Lived under patriarchal government of men
  • 1/5 of Americans were African American

27
Post Revolution White Men
  • 60-85 White men owned land Political access
  • 25 other
  • Unskilled laborers and mariners
  • Working poor indentured servants
  • Walking poor vagrants transients
  • Jailed, confined to work houses, auctioned out
    for labor

28
Women Post Revolution
  • Limited gains in exchange for war time
    participation
  • Slightly less restrictive divorce laws
  • Greater access to educational business
    opportunities
  • Perception of womens moral status rose
  • 1787 Benjamin Rush Thoughts Upon Female
    Education
  • Birth of Republican Motherhood
  • Common law women surrendered all property rights
    at marriage
  • Economically and politically subordinate to men
    full control over women and childrens lies
  • Some protest most women socialized to accept
    position

29
African Americans
  • Thousands of black fighters and their families
    left America and resettled
  • Samuel Johnson in 1775 asked How is it that we
    hear the loudest yelps for liberty among the
    drivers of Negroes?
  • 30,000 fled Virginia alone
  • West Indies
  • Canada
  • Liberia, Africa

30
Africans in the South
  • Growth of Free black communities
  • Shift in religious and intellectual climate
  • Principles of liberty and equality evangelical
    notions of human fellowship
  • Weakening of tobacco farming in the Chesapeake
    colonies
  • Freedom gained
  • 200,000 free by the end of the 1700s
  • Military service
  • Fleeing north

31
Africans in the North
  • Gradual Emancipation Program in the North
  • 1777-1784 northern states ended slavery
  • Vermont 1777, Mass. 1780, N Hampshire 1784, Penn,
    CT, RI.
  • Children of slaves would be freed at Birth
  • 1810 30,000 remained enslaved in the North
  • Due to racism and Prejudice
  • Discrimination in housing, jobs, political system
    and education
  • Churches self-help organizations formed

32
African American Intellectuals
  • Benjamin Banneker
  • born free in MD most accomplished mathematician
    Astronomer of his time
  • Jupiter Hammon
  • NY Slave, took up contemporary issues in poems
    and issues
  • Address to the Negroes of the State of New York
    1787
  • Phyllis Wheatley
  • Boston Slave, Poems on Various Subjects,
    Religious and Moral
  • In every human breast God has implanted a
    principle, which we call love of freedom it is
    impatient of oppression, and pants for
    deliverance. The Same Principle lives in us
  • Written to Mohegan Indian Minister Samuel Occom
    in 1774

33
Who would be included?
  • Benjamin Rush Diseases of the Mind
  • Father of Psychiatry
  • Established first asylums
  • Intellectual
  • slave holder white nationalist
  • Benjamin Franklin
  • The Lovely White
  • Thomas Jefferson
  • Repatriation

34
Lovely White
  • Benjamin Franklin argued in Observations
    Concerning the Increase of Mankind that the
    number of purely white people in the world was
    very small and he wished there were more of them.
  • And while we arescouring our planet, by
    clearing America of woods, and so making this
    side of our globe reflect a brighter light to the
    eues of inhabitants in mars or venus, why should
    we in the sight of superior beings, darken its
    people? Why increase the sons of Africa, by
    planting them in America, where we have so fair
    an opportunity, by excluding all Blacks and
    Tawneys, of increasing the lovely white?

35
Jeffersons Homogenous White Society
  • Member of the House of Burgesses
  • supported an effort for the emancipation of
    slaves and in Notes on the State of Virginian
  • recommended the gradual abolition of slavery and
    the elimination of principles inconsistent with
    republicanism
  • During the 1780s after the enactment of the
    Virginia Manumission law, 10,000 people gained
    their freedom,
  • his 200 slaves were not among them .
  • He viewed women as breeders and children as
    profit, and would only in theory be willing to
    make the sacrifice of freeing all his slaves if
    they would be removed from the United States.

36
Repatriation
  • 25 years, during which the population would
    double
  • 600 million dollars
  • cost of removal would be 300 million.
  • He argued for the deportation of future
    generations.
  • Black infants would be taken from their mothers,
    trained in industrious occupations until they
    reached an appropriate age for deportation.
  • This would reduce the loss of revenue from 37.5
    million because infants were only worth 25.50.
  • The old stock would eventually die off until no
    blacks remained in America
  • Jefferson recommended Sierra Leone and the west
    Indies for relocation

37
1790 Congressional debate
  • affirmed its commitment to the pure principles
    of Republicanism and its determination to develop
    a citizenry of good and useful men, a homogenous
    society.
  • Only the worthy part of mankind should be
    encouraged to settle in the new republic and be
    eligible for citizenship.

38
1790 Naturalization Immigration Act
  • Congress in 1790 restricted naturalization to
    White Persons
  • This racial prerequisite to citizenship endured
    until 1952
  • From 1907 1920 one million people gained
    citizenship under the racially restrictive
    naturalization laws, many more were rejected.
  • The courts established by law what determined a
    petitioners race
  • Skin color, facial features, national origin,
    language, culture, ancestry, speculations of
    scientists, popular opinion or some combination
    of these factors?

39
Pre-requisite cases
  • The courts offered many different rationales to
    justify the various racial divisions they
    advanced
  • Common knowledge
  • Appealed to popular, widely held conceptions of
    races and racial divisions
  • Justified the assignment of petitioners to one
    race or another by reference to common beliefs
    about race
  • Scientific evidence
  • Supposedly objective, technical and specialized
    knowledge
  • Justified racial divisions by reference to the
    naturalistic studies of humankind
  • Informed by, interpreted by, based on reasoning
    or logic of common knowledge
  • Websters definition of race

40
Women, Immigration and Race
  • Issue of women and citizenship
  • eligibility for naturalization depended on women
    marital status
  • congress in 1855, declared that a foreign woman
    automatically acquired citizenship upon marriage
    to a US citizen or upon the naturalization of her
    alien husband
  • 1895 treatise on naturalization a woman partakes
    of her husbands nationality her nationality is
    merged in that of her husband, her political
    status follows that of her husband
  • 1868 only white women could gain citizenship by
    marrying a citizen
  • 1922 naturalization of women upon her marriage to
    a citizen or upon the naturalization of her
    husband ended

41
Womens citizenship, restrictions of race
  • Citizenship of American born women affected by
    gender-racial restrictions
  • many courts stripped women of citizenship if they
    married non citizens
  • 1907 American womans marriage to an alien
    terminated her citizenship
  • 1922 congress partially appealed this act
  • Continued to expatriate any woman who married a
    foreigner racially barred from citizenship any
    woman citizen who marries an alien ineligible to
    citizenship shall cease to be a citizen
  • Marriage to a non white alien by an American
    woman was skin to treason against the country
  • While a traitor lost his citizenship after trial,
    a woman lost it automatically
  • Repealed in 1931

42
Maintaining the lovely white
  • The laws governing the racial composition of this
    countrys citizenry came bound up with and
    exacerbated by sexism
  • Women were doubly bound by racial laws,
    restricted as individuals, and less than because
    they were wives (femme coverture)

43
Little Turtles War1790
  • Military confederacy of Shawnee, Delaware
    others under Miami war chief Little Turtle
  • Successfully launched against General Josiah
    Harmar in 1790 and then against another American
    force in 1791 killing 900 Americans

44
Whiskey Rebellion
  • Congress places a tax on distillation of whiskey
    for increased revenue
  • Many farm families produced from surplus corn
  • Farmers protested internal taxes upon
    consumption are dangerous to the civil rights of
    freemen, and must in the end destroy the
    liberties of every country in which they are
    introduced
  • 13,000 federal army troops ordered to occupy
    Mingo Creek, Western Pennsylvania

45
Indian Policy of the United States Original
Foreign Policy
  • Buffalo Party and Federal policy

46
American Indian Policy1780 -1820
  • Centralized control of Indian policy
  • State and local officials challenged the right of
    congress to administer Indian policy on a
    national level, often arguing that national
    politicians were too soft on former enemies of
    the united states.
  • Buffalo Party
  • Policy of extermination of all Indians.
  • greatly swayed public opinion resulting in the
    election of many more officials that hated
    Indians.

47
Land
  • A New York editor, Brackenridge
  • rather than whites acknowledging Indian title to
    any land he believed that they had surrendered
    their claim having not made better use of it
    and by not doing so forfeited all pretense to a
    claim.

48
Western Indian Confederacy
  • War along the Ohio continued throughout the 1780s
    and 1790s
  • Shawnee leader, Tecumseh
  • Forming diplomatic relationships among southern
    tribes.
  • Confederacy designed to unite several native
    nations in a political and military movement in
    an effort to drive whites from their lands.

1791-92 Indian State
49
Battle of Fallen Timbers, 1794
American General, Wayne Anthony
50
Treaty of Greenville, 1795
  • 12 nations forced to surrender a portion of
    eastern Indiana and all of Ohio
  • Opened millions of acres of land to settlement
  • Promised to end to British alliance

51
Rise of a Prophet
  • Lalawetheka 1805 Tenskwatawa or Open Door
  • Doctrine of active resistance against white
    expansion and institutions.
  • End alcohol consumption
  • End adoption of white culture
  • Unite people against a common foe

52
Tenskwatawa
  • 1806 Indiana territorial governor Harrison
  • wrote to the Delaware "if he is really a prophet,
    ask him to cause the sun to stand still, the moon
    to alters its course, the rivers to cease to
    flow"
  • Tenskwatawa accepted the challenge
  • Pointed out the day in which he would blot out
    the sun and assembled numerous followers on June
    16, 1806.
  • total eclipse of the sun occurred.
  • His stock as a spiritual leader soared and
    hundreds of people joined his resistance
    movement.

53
Tecumseh
  • Tecumseh - military and political solution to
    white expansion
  • Meeting with Governor Harrison 1810
  • No Indian or tribe has the right to sell even to
    each other much less to strangers that land was
    held in trust by all native Americans
  • This land that was sold, and the goods that
    were given for it was only done by a few
  • He was threatening Harrison not to crowd the
    people out of their country or it would produce
    trouble between them

54
  • 1811 Tecumseh informed Harrison of the
    Confederacy
  • If you want to avoid war, move off Indian lands
  • Enlisting support of Shawnees, Kickapoo's,
    Cherokees, Choctaws, Chickasaws, Seminoles,
    Muscogee
  • War now, war forever, war upon the living, war
    upon the dead
  • The only hope of the red man is a war of
    extermination against all whites
  • War of 1812
  • English Alliances

55
Battle of Moravian town/Thames in 1813
  • 1813 Britains betrayal ended in Tecumsehs death
    and the failure of the confederacies
  • Resistance continued, some factions of the same
    tribes that fought with the British sided with
    the Americans only to be turned on after the war.
    Some Delaware's, Shawnees, Seneca's, Wyandot,
    Choctaw, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Muscogee

56
War of 1812
  • The war had two major causes repeated British
    violations of American sovereignty, and American
    expansionism, which was later expressed as
    manifest destiny.
  • 1812-1815
  • Ended with the
  • Treaty of Ghent
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