BIOCHEMISTRY

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BIOCHEMISTRY
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vocabulary

• 42. carbohydrate
• protein
• lipid
• energy
• activation energy
• enzymes
• substrate
• active site

• polarity
• cohesion
• adhesion
• Not in 2010
• hydrolysis
• 54. condensation reaction

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I ATOMIC STRUCTURE

• Properties of elements are determined by the
  number of protons in the nucleus.
• The number of protons in a nucleus is called the
  atomic number
• What is the name
  of this element?

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Diagram Oxygen and Hydrogen atomic numbers 8
and 1
1 P
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Diagram Oxygen and Hydrogen atomic numbers 8
and 1
8P 8N
1 P
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Diagram Oxygen and Hydrogen atomic numbers 8
and 1
8P 8N
1 P
1 P
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Octet Rule atoms tend to gain, lose or share
electrons so as to have 8 electrons

• C would like to
• N would like to
• O would like to

Gain 4 electrons
Gain 3 electrons
Gain 2 electrons
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Diagram the Polarity of the Water molecule
Electrons tend to spend more time near the oxygen
because the positive nucleus attracts the
negative electrons
Oxygen
hydrogen
hydrogen
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II PROPERTIES OF WATER

• 1. polarity
• results in
• temperature stabilizing effect (high heat
  capacity)
• surface tension
• cohesive properties

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Properties of water cont

• 2. excellent solvent
• Solute- material dissolved in a solvent
• Adhesion- sticks to other materials
• Cohesion- sticks to materials like itself

• 3. Expands when frozen
• opposite of all other known materials

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III FERMENTATION AND DISTILLATION

• Diagram a still w/ corn, yeast, and water
• hydrogen bonds in water raises the boiling point
• Emphasis on boiling points
• yeast is a fungus
• drinking addiction

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Diagram this process
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Draw results of fermentation demo(in your notes)
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IV IMPORTANCE OF WATER

• 1. Source of H and O for chemical reactions
• 2. a medium for transporting foods, minerals and
  other substances in a living system
• 3. medium in which soluble materials are absorbed
  from the environment
• (medium means method, material or way)

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• 4. support (by water pressure)
• in plant cells and invertebrates
  (worms)
• 5. high percentage of the body weight
• blood composition is almost identical to sea
  water
• EVIDENCE OF LIFE ORIGINATING IN
  THE SEA

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V ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS

• O 100.1
• C 27.72
• H 15.4
• Ca 2.31
• P 1.54
• N 1.48
• K .54
• S .35

• Na .23
• Cl .23
• Mg .077
• Fe .006
• I .006
• Mn .0045
• Trace
• Si, F, Cu, Zn

composition of the human body
Pounds of each element in a 150 pound person
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Where do these elements come from?
water
atmosphere
soil,
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VI CARBON COMPOUNDS IN CELLS

• ORGANIC CHEMISTRY- the study of carbon compounds
  and their reactions. Carbon is unique because it
  can form long chains and rings
• Diagram carbon atomic structure and write short
  hand for chemical bonds

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Carbon Atom A.N. 6
Four outer level or valence electrons
6 P 6 N
C
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Carbon Atom A.N. 6
Four outer level or valence electrons
6 P 6 N
C
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Carbon Atom A.N. 6
Short hand version Bar one shared pair of
electrons
6 P 6 N
C
C
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CARBOHYDRATES
Cells need fuel to function especially CHO and
fats
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V. FOODS

• ALL PLANTS -sugars are in fruits, vegetables,
  lactose in milk
• starch in potatoes

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Food categories that provide CHO Fruits
Vegetables
Grains
Milk

Meat alternates
NOT meat or oil
Plants create CHO via
photosynthesis
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LIPIDS (categories)

• Triglycerides
• Phospholipids
• Sterols
• More commonly to you
• Oils, fats, waxes, steroids

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I FUNCTION (in order of importance to humans)

• STORED ENERGY
• STRUCTURAL MATERIAL
• 1. Protection of vital organs
• 2. Insulation
• 3. Membranes
• CARRIES ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS

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Examples of triglyceridesFats
Oils
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IV. EXAMPLES

• NEUTRAL FATS (triglycerides) - butter,
  lard, oil
• WAXES - cutin on leaf surfaces, ears, honey comb
• STEROLS- cholesterol, hormones, steroids,
  vitamin D precursor
• LDL low density bad
• HDL high density good

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V. FOODS

• meats
• seeds
• nuts
• milk

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I. FUNCTIONS

• ENZYMES "speeds up reactions (more later)
• STRUCTURE (muscle)
• TRANSPORT
• HORMONES
• IMMUNITY
• ENERGY (last energy source used by humans)

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II COMPOSITION

• Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen,
  Sulfur
• Monomer amino acid
• BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEINS
• 20 amino acids in the world of life

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III STRUCTURE

• amino group acid group

Draw this in your notes
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• amino group acid group
• a peptide bond links amino acids
• dipeptide- two amino acids bonded
• polypeptide- 3 or more amino acids
• Remember how the simple sugars monosaccharides
  were joined to form a polysaccharide

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H and OH are removed to form water
Draw this in your notes
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IV EXAMPLES

• amino acids alanine tyrosine arginine
  (notice the endings)
• fibrous proteins- single chains keratin
  collagen
• globular proteins- several chains linked
  together enzymes, hemoglobin,
  antibodies, insulin
• lipoprotein lipid and protein bonded
• glycoprotein sugar and protein bonded

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V FOOD

• milk, eggs, seeds, legumes, fish, meat

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enzymes

• - ALL REACTIONS REQUIRE AN ADDITION OF ENERGY TO
  GET STARTED, "ACTIVATION ENERGY"
• -BIOLOGICAL COMPOUNDS THAT "SPEED UP" THE RATE OF
  A CHEMICAL REACTION BY LOWERING THE AMOUNT OF
  ACTIVATION ENERGY NEEDED

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1. Enzymes as biological catalyst

• Major properties
• All are globular proteins
• They increase the rate of a reaction without
  themselves being used up
• Their presence does not alter the nature or
  properties of the end product(s) of the reaction
• A very small amount of catalyst can work on a
  large amount of substrate

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Lactose

• Principle CHO found in milk
• carbohydrate
• Lactose intolerance
• insufficient production of enzyme lactase

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ENZYME ACTIVITYTHE LOCK AND KEY HYPOTHESIS OF
ENZYME ACTIVITY
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Kiwi fruit and gelatin demo (draw in your notes)
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Link to comp lab pages

• Lock and key hypothesis
• Enzyme has a particular shape into which the
  substrate(s) fit exactly
• Key substrate
• Lock enzyme

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Enzymes are

• SPECIFIC FOR A SUBSTRATE
• UNCHANGED DURING THE REACTION
• PROTEINS
• REUSEABLE

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FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE ENZYME ACTIVITY

• TEMPERATURE
• pH
• AMOUNT OF PRODUCT OR SUBSTRATE PRESENT
• PRESENCE OF OTHER ENZYMES

Link to BEANO lab pages
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COMMERCIAL USES OF ENZYMES

• DETERGENTS
• LACTASE
• DRAIN CLEANERS
• SEPTIC TANK CLEANERS
• CONTACT LENS CLEANERS