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Introduction Section 1 Geography Skills
Handbook Section 2The Geographers Craft Summary
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Chapter 1 Intro
Essential Questions 1) What is
geography? 2) What skills does knowledge of
geography provide?
Geography is used to interpret the past,
understand the present, and plan for the future.
News coverage of local, national, and
international events is part of daily life in the
twenty-first century. An understanding of
geography will help you learn how such events
affect your life.
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Chapter Overview

1. Geography is the study of the earth's physical
   features and the living things that inhabit the
   planet.
2. Geographers use many tools and methods to study
   and understand the world's places.
3. Investigating the relationships among human
   activities, the earth's physical systems, and the
   environment, the study of geography can
   contribute to a better future for the world's
   people.

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Geography Skills Handbook

• Globes, Maps and Projections Those who study
  geography use different ways of looking at the
  world or the essential elements of geographythe
  world in spatial terms, places and regions,
  physical systems, human systems, and environment
  and society.

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Geography Skills Handbook

• Map Projections

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Determining Location

• When geographers study the earth in spatial
  terms, they focus on where places are located.
  Location can be expressed as absolute location or
  relative location.
• The basic tool for answering the question
  Where? is location.
• A grid system on maps and globes helps you find
  exact places on the Earths surface.
• A hemisphere is one of the halves into which the
  Earth is divided. Most places are located in two
  of the four hemispheres.

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Determining Location (cont.)

• Latitude
• Lines of latitude, or parallels, circle the
  Earth parallel to the Equator and measure the
  distance north or south of the Equator in
  degrees.
• The Equator is measured at 0 latitude, while
  the Poles lie at latitudes 90N (north) and
  90S (south).
• Parallels north of the Equator are called north
  latitude. Parallels south of the Equator are
  called south latitude.

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Determining Location (cont.)

• Longitude
• Lines of longitude, or meridians, circle the
  Earth from Pole to Pole.
• These lines measure distance east or west of the
  Prime Meridian at 0 longitude.
• Meridians east of the Prime Meridian are known
  as east longitude. Meridians west of the Prime
  Meridian are known as west longitude.
• The 180 meridian on the opposite side of the
  Earth is called the International Date Line.

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Determining Location (cont.)

• The Global Grid
• Every place has a global address, or
  absolute location.
• Absolute location of a place can be identified
  by naming the latitude and longitude lines that
  cross exactly at that place.

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Themes in Geography

• Geographers also group places, or particular
  spaces with physical and human meaning, into
  regions with similar physical or human
  characteristics.
• They study of Earth's physical systems which
  involves the effects of natural phenomena and
  ecosystem on the earth's surface.

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Themes in Geography

• Geographers also look at human systems to see how
  people settle the earth, form societies, create
  permanent features, and move from place to place.
  Human-environment interaction focuses on the
  relationship between people and their physical
  environment.

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The Geographer's Craft

• Physical geography and human geography are the
  two major branches of geography.
• Geographers use research methods and tools to
  study places and human activity, including direct
  observation, mapping, interviewing, statistics,
  and technology.
• Scientific instruments, such as satellites and
  computers, gather and organize data that is used
  by geographers, planners, and governments.
• Computers have revolutionized the process of
  mapmaking, providing much greater precision and
  making rapid changes possible.
• Geographers study the relationships among the
  physical and human features of the earth by using
  other disciplines such as history, government,
  culture, and economics.
• Geography skills are useful in many different
  careers, which often require a combination of
  training in geography and other areas of study.

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