Food and Agriculture

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Food and Agriculture

• Chapter 15

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Feeding the World

• Objectives
• Identify the major causes of malnutrition
• Compare the environmental costs of producing
  different types of food
• Explain how food distribution problems and
  drought can lead to famine
• Explain the importance of the green revolution

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15-1Feeding the World

• More food needed because of population growth
• Some agricultural practices have led to
  environmental damage

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Humans and Nutrition

• We eat food to get the energy to run our body
  processes
• Malnutrition results when the body does not get
  enough of these nutrients (calories)

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Sources of Nutrition

• A healthy diet is one that has a balance of all
  nutrients
• People in developed countries tend to eat diets
  high in proteins and fats

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The Ecology of Food

• As populations grow we need more land to grow
  crops
• Forests cut down

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• Different types of agriculture have different
  impacts of the environment and levels of
  efficiency

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• The efficiency of the amount of food produced per
  given area
• Ideally you want practices the produce the most
  crop but least impact

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• Scientists research and produce plants with
  higher yield
• More energy, water, and land are used to produce
  a Calorie of food from animals than from plants

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• World Food Problems
• Most people are malnourished because they dont
  get enough food
• Food is distributed unevenly
• Droughts and famine

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Malnurished citizens of Bangladesh
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• The Green Revolution
• World wide crop yield have increased because of
  the use of new varieties and the application of
  modern agricultural techniques

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Green Revolution
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• Negative impacts
• Crops often need a lot of water, fertilizer, and
  pesticides
• Hurts subsistence farmers

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Subsistence Farming vs. the Green Revolution
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Crops and Soil

• Objectives
• Distinguish between traditional and modern
  agricultural techniques
• Describe fertile soil
• Describe the need for soil conservation
• Explain the benefits and impacts of pesticide use
• Describe what is involved in integrated pest
  management
• Explain how genetic engineering is involved in
  agriculture

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• The Earth has a limited area of arable land
• Can this land support the billions of people on
  our planet??

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• Agriculture Tradition and Modern
• The basic process of farming includes plowing,
  fertilization, irrigation, and pest control
• Most of this work is done by machines in
  industrialized countries

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• Fertile Soil The living Earth
• Soil that can support the growth of healthy
  plants is fertile
• Plant roots grow in topsoil (surface layer of
  soil)

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• Soil
• Composed of living organisms, rock particles,
  water, air and organic matter
• Most soil is formed due to weathering

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Soil porfile
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• Erosion is a global problem
• Plants need topsoil to grow
• Erosion is the weathering of rock or soil
• River erosion
• Dust Bowl

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• Land degradation
• caused by humans and natural processes change
  land so it can no longer support the local
  ecosystem

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Desertification land becomes more desert-like
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• Soil conservation
• helps reduce erosion and protects soil
• Terracing
• Contour plowing
• No-till farming

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Enriching the Soil

• Traditionally soil was enriched using mostly
  inorganic material
• Now inorganics are used
• Can hurt waterways
• Composing helps return nutrients to the soil

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Salinization

• Accumulation of salt (salinization) can also
  damage soil and prevent crops from growing
• Happens naturally and unnaturally (irrigation)

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Pest Control

• 13 of all crops grown in N. America are eaten by
  insects
• 33 worldwide

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Pesticides

• Farmers use pesticides to protect crops but
  problems can develop
• Harms beneficial plants, insects, wildlife, and
  people
• Pesticide resistance
• Lingers in the environment

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• Biological Pest control
• Use of other organisms to control pests
• Breed plants to be more resistant
• Disrupting insect breeding

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• Integrated Pest Management
• Reduce pest damage to a level that causes minimal
  economic damage

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• Engineering a Better Crop
• Use of genetic engineering to produce more
  desirable traits

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• Takes genes from one organism and puts in another
• Genetically modified plants are a result
• May have an environmental impact

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• Sustainable Agriculture
• Farming that conserves natural resources and
  helps keep the land productive indefinitely

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Animals and Agriculture

• Explain how overharvesting affects the supply of
  aquatic organisms for food
• Describe the current role of aquiculture in
  providing seafood
• Describe the importance of livestock in provide
  food and other products

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• We need animal products in our diet
• We have domesticated over 50 animals species
• Chickens, sheep, cattle, bees, fish, goats, pigs,
  etc.

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• Food from Water
• Fish is an important industry world wide
• 20 of animal protein
• We have over harvested some fishing areas
• Led do complete depletion of some species

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aquiculture

• Governments began setting limits
• Aquaculture helps increase number of fish
  harvested
• Can cause environmental problems

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• Livestock
• Chicken, cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, etc.
• Large farms produce most of the food we produce
• Use in farming in developing nations

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• Manure is used for fertilizer
• Are we treating these animals humanely
• World wide our meat consumption has increased

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