Chapter 24: Land Empires in Imperialism

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Chapter 24 Land Empires in Imperialism
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Warm Up

• compare and contrast the French, American, and
  Latin Revolutions
• Successes, failure, common, different
• Chart, essay, bullet points, diagram (whatever)

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• I. Ottoman Empire
• A. Egypt and the Napoleonic Example, 1798-1840
• Napoleon invades Egypt with 36k men and defeats
  the Mamluk forces
• Napoleon loses power in France and officers in
  Egypt are forced to withdraw
• In 1801 France withdrew and Muhammad Ali, an
  officer in the Ottoman army, seizes power and
  establishes an independent Egyptian state
• Muhammad Ali impact establishes schools, trained
  military, and built factories

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• Ali established schools and begins to westernized
  Egypt
• Britain does not like the westernization and
  takes Ali out of power but his family stays in
  power until 1952
• B. Ottoman Reform and the European Model,
  1807-1853
• Selim III brings reforms to strengthen government
  and standardized taxes
• Impact of reforms Janissaries revolt and are put
  down by the government with the help of Serbia

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• Selim III was captured and executed in Istanbul

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• Impact of Greek independence Mahmud sets a
  series of reforms (fears Ottoman empire is weak)
  creates a new army corps new artillery unit that
  was more important to the military
• Ottomans now have less dominance in the
  Mediterranean Sea
• Mahmud II eliminated the Janissaries and reduced
  political power of the elite
• Military cadets were sent to France and Germany
  to train

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• Mahmud II dies and leaves the Ottoman Empire
  completely dependent on European powers for
  survival
• Pg. 683 dissolving Ottoman Empire
• Pg. 685 New Ottoman troops

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• C. Crimean War, 1853-1877
• Russia wants to continually expand empire and
  continually westernize
• Russia expands south and is met by British,
  French, and the Ottomans
• Britain and France trapped the Russian fleet in
  the Black Sea and sank its ships
• Russians could not communicate quickly enough to
  supply military forces

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• Crimean War technology included artillery,
  breech loading firearms, and light cavalry
• Cavalry would attack in between volleys and
  attempt to penetrate artillery barrages
• Guns could be fired more rapidly because they now
  loaded at the breech instead of the barrel

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• Problems in Ottoman Empire Foreign loans, trade
  deficit, and inflation
• Declining revenue from agricultural yields and
  corruption in the government
• Crimean War forced Ottomans to rely heavily on
  foreign money bringing foreign debt
• Ottomans had to lower tariffs and favor European
  imports
• The Ottoman Empire continued in a weakened
  existence until 1922

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• II. Russian Empire
• A. Russia and Europe
• Only 3 of Russian people live in cities
• Russia is slow to modernize because of resources
  and opposition
• People in Russia are fearful of westernization
  but want to modernize
• B. Russia and Asia
• End of the 18th century Russia had expanded to
  Pacific Ocean

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• Russia fought with China, Japan, Iran, and the
  Ottoman Empire
• Britain took steps to end Russian expansion of
  Central Asia
• C. Cultural Trends
• Wealthy families feared reform and opposed
• Alexander I tried to bring reforms to Russia but
  was unsuccessful

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• Decembrist Revolts
• Czar Alexander dies and Constantine, the oldest
  son, refuses the throne
• His younger brother becomes Czar Nicholas I
• Group of revolutionaries, includes many military
  officers, revolt they want more reform
• They also believe Nicholas stole the throne from
  Constantine
• Nicholas brutally crushes the revolt and will
  rule Russia with an iron fist for the rest of his
  reign

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Czar Nicolas II
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• On the morning of 14 December, a group of
  officers commanding about 3,000 men assembled in
  Senate Square, where they refused to swear
  allegiance to the new tsar, Nicholas I,
  proclaiming instead their loyalty to Constantine
  and the Constitution.

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• III. Qing Empire
• A. Economic and Social Disorder
• Qing dynasty first brought peace and stability in
  China and promoted agriculture
• This agriculture doubled the Chinese population
• Increase in population lead to instability and
  tension
• farmers being driven off their land
• Many people regarded their government as corrupt
  and weak
• Internal rebellions were led by discontent
  farmers and religious leaders

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• White Lotus Rebellion
• Group of Chinese attempting to restore the Ming
  dynasty
• B. The Opium War, 1839-1850
• Opium trade in China England has an unfavorable
  balance of trade with China, turn to selling
  opium to make up difference, China bans selling
  of opium
• Opium War British navy forced China to trade
  through naval conquest
• British navy forced the Treaty of Nanjing

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• Impact of treaty
• Treaty of Nanjing Open up five more ports for
  trade, Limit tariffs on British goods, Pay for
  cost of war, Give island of Hong Kong to Britain
• Agree to extraterritoriality Europeans who are
  accused of crimes have the right to be tried in
  their own courts, not Chinese courts and are not
  subject to Chinese laws
• Marks the beginning of the establishment of
  Western influence in China

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• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vDzsQjQatvL0

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• C. Taiping Rebellion, 1850-1864
• Factor of the rebellion poor farmland, endemic
  poverty, and economic distress
• Hong Xiuquan declared himself brother of Jesus
• No one would be poor all lands and food should
  be held in common
• Taiping forces defeated villages and capture
  Nanjing making it their Heavenly capital
• Taiping Rebellion was one of the bloodiest civil
  wars included 20 million deaths
• European countries who were called to intervene
  France, Britain

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Hong Xiuquan
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• D. Decentralization and End of Qing Empire,
  1864-1875
• Qing debt expenses of war, burden of treaties
  signed, extraterritoriality
• Recovery was a failure and Qing dynasty
  regionalized
• Reform and recovery were attempted and modeled
  after the US
• Too little too late Qing empire falls and
  decentralizes