Connective Tissue Components

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Connective Tissue Components

• 3 major components of connective tissue
• Extracellular fibers, Ground substance, Cells
• _______________ ________ Extracellular fibers
  Ground substance
• Matrix surrounds and separates the cells,
  providing important structural and nutritional
  support to them, allowing them to be farther
  apart than epithelial cells.
• 1. Ground substance
• Liquid, solid, or gel
• 2. Extracellular fibers
• Collagenous, Reticular, Elastic
• 3. Cells
• Fixed cells
• Fibroblasts, Adipocytes (fat cells), Reticular
  cells
• Wandering cells
• Mast cells, Leukocytes (white blood cells),
  Macrophages (fixed and wandering)

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Connective Tissue Components Ground Substance

• Composed of glycoproteins called
• __________________ (GAGs)
• hyaluronic acid
• Help to orient fiber formation in connective
  tissue.
• Is medium through which cells exchange nutrients
  and waste with the __________ ___________.
• Acts as shock absorbing cushion and helps to
  protect the delicate cells that it surrounds.

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Fibers of Connective Tissue

• Collagenous
• Most common fiber found in the body
• Strong, thick bands organized into bundles,
  composed of ____________ (structural protein).
• Resist ___________ forces, so they are found in
  tendons and ligaments that are continuously being
  pulled and stretched.
• wavy appearance when not stretched

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Fibers of Connective Tissue

• Reticular
• Composed of collagen
• Thin, delicate, ____________ into complicated
  networks.
• Form support around highly ____________ organs
• endocrine glands, lymph nodes, spleen, bone
  marrow, liver
• Elastic
• Composed primarily of protein ________.
• Are branched and form networks
• Can stretch and contract.
• Found in tissues that stretch vocal cords,
  lungs, skin, blood vessel walls.

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Major Cell Types of Connective Tissue

• Fixed Cells
• Remain in the connective tissue
• Produce and maintain the __________
• Fibroblast
• secrete fibers and ground substance of the matrix
• Can reproduce and are metabolically active.
• Name is based on _________.
• Chondroblast (cartilage), osteoblast (bone), etc.
• As the cells mature and the matrix is formed,
  cells become less active and suffix is changed to
  _______.
• Chondrocyte, osteocyte, fibrocyte
• Can revert back to blast if more matrix is
  needed.

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Major Cell Types of Connective Tissue

• Fixed cells continued.
• Adipose cells/Adipocytes
• Found throughout connective tissue
• Resemble fibroblasts early on, but as they age
  they become filled with lipid and swell.
• __________ gets pushed to the side
• Adipocytes clustered together form _________
  tissue.
• found all over, but is prominent under the skin
  and in the abdomen
• Reticular Cells
• Flat, star-shaped cells that form net-like
  connections with other cells
• Manufacture reticular fibers.
• Found in tissues of the immune system lymph
  nodes, spleen, bone marrow

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Major Cell Types of Connective Tissue

• Wandering Cells
• Move in and out of connective tissue as needed.
• Help _______ and _________ the tissue
• Leukoctyes (white blood cells)
• Found in blood, move into connective tissue
  during periods of infection/inflammation.
• Squeeze through the simple squamous epithelium of
  blood vessels (diapedesis)
• Important in immune function- engulf and digest
  invaders or produce antibodies against them
• Mast cells
• Carry histamine and heparin granules which
  initiate inflammatory response when released into
  tissue
• Usually found near blood vessels

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Major Cell Types of Connective Tissue

• Wandering cells continued..
• Macrophages
• ___________ scavengers that may be either fixed
  or transient in connective tissue.
• Engulf microbes, dead cells and debris that are
  digested by the macrophages lysosomes
• drawn to sites of infection where they engulf
  invaders

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Types of Connective Tissue

• Connective Tissue Proper
• Loose Connective Tissue- supports structures that
  it surrounds
• Areolar, Adipose, Reticular
• Dense Connective Tissue- highly fibrous
  (collagen) little vascularization, ground
  substance, or cells reinforces and binds
  structures
• Dense regular, Dense irregular, Elastic
• Specialized Connective Tissue
• Cartilage
• Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage
• Bone
• Compact, Cancellous
• Blood

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Loose Connective Tissue Areolar

• Most common type of connective tissue
• Surrounds every organ
• Acts to support and cushion organs and other
  delicate structures.
• Predominant cell is ____________.
• Has _______ spaces that are filled with fluid
  and viscous ground substance
• Filling of open spaces during trauma is called
  __________

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Loose Connective Tissue Adipose

• Commonly known as ________
• Found beneath skin, in bone marrow, in abdomen
• Energy storage, insulator, shock absorber
• Highly vascularized areolar tissue in which
  adipocytes predominate
• Cells __________/__________ based on amount of
  lipid being stored in them.
• May be classified as
• White
• Found throughout body
• Adipocytes change from resembling fibroblasts
• to filling with lipid
• Brown
• Found in _________ and ____________ animals
• Site of heat production, temperature regulation

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Loose Connective Tissue Reticular

• Framework for spleen, liver, lymph nodes, bone
  marrow
• Called _________
• Contains only one type of fiber ___________
• Many fibroblasts

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Dense Connective Tissue Regular

• Makes up tendons and ligaments, fascia
• Tightly packed,__________ collagen fibers
• Little vascularization, slow to heal
• Little ground substance
• Fibroblasts line the collagen bundles
• Resists strong pulling forces in _____ direction.

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Dense Connective Tissue Irregular

• Found in dermis, organ capsules
• Forms tough capsule of joints.
• Collagen fibers in thicker bundles than those in
  dense regular connective tissue.
• Sheets of collagen in ___________ directions.
• Single sheet that can withstand pulling force
  from _______ different directions.

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Dense Connective Tissue Elastic

• Found in areas of the body that require
  ___________
• Stomach, artery walls, bladder
• Beneath transitional epithelium in urinary tract
• High concentration of elastic fibers (more than
  collagen) that are extremely flexible.

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Specialized Connective Tissue Cartilage

• More rigid than dense connective tissue, more
  flexible than bone.
• Prevents bones from rubbing against each other.
• Does not contain nerves or blood vessels.
• Receives nutrition from ________________.
• Chondrocytes live in pockets called _______
• 3 types of cartilage
• Hyaline cartilage, Elastic Cartilage,
  Fibrocartilage

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Specialized Connective Tissue Types of Cartilage

• Hyaline Cartilage
• Most common type of cartilage found in body.
• Found as ____________ cartilage at end of long
  bones and joints and connects ribs to the
  sternum.
• Most rigid type of cartilage.
• Closely packed collagen fibers that make it tough
  but more flexible than bone.
• Elastic Cartilage
• Similar to hyaline cartilage but contains
  _________ fibers
• Give it flexibility, ability to bend
• Found in pinnae, epiglottis

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Specialized Connective Tissue Types of Cartilage

• Fibrocartilage
• Found between vertebrae, in pelvis, and in knee
  joint
• Able to handle compression, absorbs ______
• Thick bundles of collagen, but few chondrocytes

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Specialized Connective Tissue Bone

• Also called osseous connective tissue
• Hardest and most rigid type of connective tissue
• Structure
• Matrix collagen fibers and calcium salts
• ____________- tiny channels through matrix that
  allows osteocytes to communicate
• _________- chambers where osteocytes reside
• Blood Supply- __________ canals (channels in bone
  that carry blood supply and nerves)
• Cells- Osteoclasts and osteoblasts
• Remodel bone as needed

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Specialized Connective Tissue Blood

• Most atypical type of connective tissue.
• Carries nutrients and gases through the body
• Matrix _______ (plasma)
• Fibers few and only visible in a _____
• Cells
• Erythrocytes (______ blood cells)
• Leukocytes (________ blood cells)
• Thrombocytes (________)