W A T K I N S - J O H N S O N C O M P A N Y Semiconductor Equipment Group

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Engineering 10
Chp.6 EnergyEROEI - Nuclear
Bruce Mayer, PE Licensed Electrical Mechanical
EngineerBMayer_at_ChabotCollege.edu
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EROEI

• Energy Returned On Energy Invested
• Energy Invested in order to
• ACQUIRE energy, it TAKES ENERGY
• To PROCESS (Refine) energy, it TAKES ENERGY
• TRANSPORT a form of energy, it TAKES ENERGY.
• STORE energy, it TAKES ENERGY.
• USE energy, it also TAKES ENERGY

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EROEI

• Energy Returned On Energy Invested
• Energy Returned
• After you have taken into account all the energy
  used in the last slide...how MUCH ENERGY do you
  have left?
• OR How much energy does it actually COST in order
  to USE a particular form of energy?

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EROEI - Analogy

• Say that you have 100 that you want to INVEST
  at a bank.
• The bank is offers an account for a year that
  pays 10 interest.
• Check the TOTAL Gain or LOSS From this Investment
• What if you didn't have a car so you take the Bus
  to the Bank. It costs you 4 to catch the bus
  round-trip to go to the bank and deposit the
  money.
• After a year, you pay another 4 to catch another
  bus to the bank to withdraw your money and
  interest.
• The math on This investment
• 100 10 interest 110 at the end of the
  year.
• MINUS 4 for the first bus and another 4 for the
  2nd bus 8 total.
• Subtracting the 8 from the 110 that leaves a
  total of 102
• the REAL return on your investment 2/100 2
• Not such a good deal after all

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EROEI Graphically
BackWork
Note EROI ? EROEI

• If there is NO Surplus, then Eout/Ein lt1, and We
  have WASTED energy

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EROEI Fuel (Thermal) Energy
Energy Form EROEI/EROI
Oil Gas 1940's Discoveries gt 100.0
Oil Gas 1970's Production 23.0, discoveries 8.0
Coal (mine mouth) 1950's 80.0
Coal (mine mouth)1970's 30.0
Oil shale 0.7 to 13.3
Coal liquefaction 0.5 to 8.2
Geopressured gas 1.0 to 5.0
Ethanol (sugercane) 0.8 to 1.7
Ethanol (corn) 1.3
Ethanol (corn residues) 0.7 to 1.8
Methanol (wood) 2.6
Solar space heat (fossil backup) 1.9
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EROEI Electrical Energy
Energy Form EROEI/EROI
Coal 9.0
Hydropower 11.2
Nuclear (light-water reactor) 4.0
Solar Photovoltaics 1.7-10
Geothermal 1.9-13

• From these Lists We Spot a Couple of Dicey
  Propositions
• Solar Electricity
• Corn Ethanol as a fuel

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EROEI Life Cycle Analysis Example

• Consider the Production of a Wind Turbine with a
  20-25yr Operating Life

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Wind Turbine Nacelle
http//www.vestas.com/en/about-vestas/sustainabili
ty/wind-turbines-and-the-environment/life-cycle-as
sessment-(lca).aspx
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Wind Turbine LCA

• Turbine Production Environmental NEGATIVE Impacts
• Manufacturing of raw materials
• Production of components
• The wind turbines energy production
• De-commissioning of the wind turbine

Energy Source Energy ConsumptionMJ/kWh produced
FOSSIL FUELS  
Crude oil 2.46E-02
Hard coal 1.95E-02
Lignite 3.38E-03
Natural gas 2.24E-02
Nuclear power 2.05E-02
RENEWABLE ENERGY  
Biomass, dry matter, fuel 7.29E-04
Biomass, dry matter, raw material 2.54E-05
Hard wood, dry matter, raw material 1.26E-04
Primary energy from hydro power 6.07E-03
Primary energy from wind power 4.51E-07
Renewable fuels 2.08E-08
Total (MJ/kWh produced) 9.82E-02
Total (kWh/kWh produced) 2.73E-02
Total Energy Invested (kWh/turbine) 4,304,222
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3.0 MWe Wind Turbine EROEI

• Energy Invested 4,304 MWh/turbine
• Energy Returned 173,580 MWh/turbine
• 7,890,000 kWh/Turbine?Year
• 22 Year Operating Life
• The EROEI Calculation

• An EXCELLENT Return!

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WindPower DownSide

• WindPower is NONDispactchable
• Can NOT call it up at any time
• Needs Supplemental STORAGE

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Energy Sources Fact Fancy

• Question Which Energy Source Has These
  Attractive Aspects
• NO HydroCarbon or NOx Emissions
• NO GreenHouse Gas Emissions
• Very High Energy Density
• Easy to Transport Fuel
• Plug-Compatible With Existing Electrical Grid
• Can Easily Produce Hydrogen During Off Peak
  Hours
• Low Energy Inputs to Produce?

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Answer ? Nuclear (Fission) Power
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Energy Sources Fact Fancy

• Nuclear Fission Limitations
• Waste Handling is a Political Issue
• Have Technological Solutions
• Waste Concentration, and Then Storage in
  Water-Free, Geologically Stable Salt-Mine
  Structures
• Fear of Accidental Radiation Releases Due to Loss
  of Coolant Accidents Such as TMI
• New Designs are Fail-Safe LoCAs can Be
  Engineered OUT
• ByProduction of Nuclear-Weapons Compatible
  Materials e.g., Plutonium

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Energy Sources Future

• Any of the Previous Techniques Could Benefit from
  Technology BreakThrus
• Possible Examples
• A BioEngineered Fermentation Enzyme Greatly
  Reduces Energy Required to Make Ethanol
• Nuclear FUSION
• Fission Break a Heavy Atom (Uranium) to Liberate
  Heat (and Neutrons)
• FUSION Combine Light Hydrogen Atoms to Liberate
  Heat (and Make Heavier Helium Atoms)

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Energy Sources Future cont

• Fusion Produces MUCH LESS Radioactive Material
  Than Fission Reactors
• But its NOT Zero
• Fuel is Heavy Water Isotopes That are in More
  than Sufficient Supply in Sea Water
• Fusion Limitations
• An EXTREMELY Difficult Technical Problem Must
  Generate Local Temperatures That Approximate
  those found in STARS
• 50 Years of Intense Study Have barely Even
  Reached the Energy Break-Even Point

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Fission Fusion Nuclear Reactions

• Fission ? Splitting

• Fusion ? Joining

• Dueterium ? H with 1 Neutron (2 nucleons)

• Tritium ? H with 2 Neutrons (3 nucleons)

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Electric Cars?

• The USA consumes about 140 BILLION Gallons of
  Gasoline per year
• As discussed by Dr. Mike Carnall in his Ethanol
  presentation
• Lets make an estimate of how much electricity
  would be needed to replace the amount of gasoline
  used by on-road vehicles

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Electricity Estimate Assumptions

• 95 of Gasoline is used in Cars/Trucks
• Gasoline heat of combustion 45 MJ/kg
• Gasoline Density 737 kg/cu-m
• Piston Engine Thermal efficiency 25
• Electricity Transmission Efficiency 96
• Battery charging efficiency 80
• Battery discharging efficiency 80
• Electric Motor efficiency 90
• 1 cubic meter 264.2 gallon US, liquid

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Electricity Estimate

• 95 of Gasoline used by Vehicles

• 133B gallons to Cu-m

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Electricity Estimate

• Mass of 503M cu-m

• Thermal Energy in 371B kg of Gasoline

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Electricity Estimate

• Energy delivered to DriveShaft using 25 Engine
  Efficiency

• This is the amount of Mechanical Energy that must
  be delivered to the DriveShaft by the electric
  motor that REPLACES the gasoline engine
• Now Work BACKwards

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Electricity Estimate

• Electrical Energy applied to the motor using
  motor efficiency

• Energy stored in Batteries to Power the motor
  using Battery efficiency

• Electrical Energy applied to Battery Charger
  using charger efficiency

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Electricity Estimate

• Electrical Energy produced at the PowerPlant
  using Transmission Efficiency

• Thus the ADDITIONAL electric energy that power
  plants must produce to run vehicles is about 7
  550 000 TeraJoules in a year

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Electricity Estimate

• Convert TeraJoules per year into
  MegaWatts-Electric (MWe)

• And a J/s is a watt, so the MWe equivalent

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Electricity Estimate

• Now a BIG nuclear PowerPlant such as Diablo
  Canyon is rated at about 2000 MWe Use this to
  Calc the NEW Power Plants needed run vehicles

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Electricity Estimate

• Thus to Run our vehicles on Electricity we would
  need to open a NEW Nuclear PowerPlant EVERY MONTH
  for TEN YEARS

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New Electricity for Cars Compared

• The TOTAL generating Capacity in the USA is about
  1 070 000 MWe
• The Electricity for Cars would add about 25 to
  the USA total
• The Total generating Capacity in the CALIFORNIA
  is about 56 000 MWe
• The Electricity for Cars would require about 4
  NEW Californias

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Energy Summary

• In My Humble Opinion ENERGY PRODUCTION is the
  SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT Technology Issue Facing
  Human Kind
• A Low-Cost, Low-Environmental-Impact Energy
  Source GREATLY Facilitates The Solution of All
  Technical Problems
• Food Production
• Medical Advances
• Water Production
• Housing Shelter

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All Done for Today
Cool Videos https//lasers.llnl.gov/multimedia/vid
eo_gallery/
NationalIgnitionFacility
Fusion in LIVERMORE
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Electricity Estimate

• Engery delivered to DriveShaft using 25 Engine
  Efficiency

• Electrical Energy applied to the motor using
  motor efficiency

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DT Reaction