Title: Immigration in American history
1Immigration in American history a new
perspective
- Opening
- Centrality of immigration in American history
- Changing paradigms
- Changing immigration patterns
- Immigration and citizenship policies
- sources
2Immigration and citizenship policies and other
events 1
- 1607 -- Founding of Jamestown, Virginia by
English colonists. - 1620 -- Voyage of the Mayflower, carrying
Pilgrims to the New World. - 1790 First naturalization act only free white
men could be naturalized.
3Immigration and citizenship policies and other
events 2
- 1846-47 -- Irish potato famine, causing
large-scale Irish emigration. - 1848 -- Gold discovery in California, starting
the Gold Rush. Chinese - immigrants (first Asians) were also about to
arrive. - Revolution in Germany, sending many immigrants
to the United - States.
- 1854 People vs Hall, a California Supreme Court
case, which rules that no Chinese could give
testimony against white people in the court of
law. - 1868 The 14th Amendment
- Impact
- Limitations Chinese
- 1868 The Burlingame Treaty between the United
State and China - 1875 -- The Page Act, restricting the entry of
Chinese women. - 1880 Anti-miscegenation laws in California
- prohibiting marriage between a white person and
"a Negro, mulatto, or Mongolian. - (Colonial origin Maryland in 1661) in many
states, the law stayed in the books until
recently racism nazism. - 1882 -- The first Chinese exclusion act,
terminating Chinese labor - immigration for ten years (extended afterwards),
and declaring - Chinese immigrants ineligible for citizenship.
- 1886 -- Statue of Liberty dedicated, and at the
same time the efforts to - restrict immigration increased.
4Immigration and citizenship policies and other
events 3
- 1907-08 -- The Gentlemens Agreement between the
United States and - Japan, ending Japanese labor immigration. But
certain people, such - as wives and children of those already in
America could continue to - arrive.
- 1910 -- January 21, The detention center on Angel
Island (another AI site) (video) was put in
use--until November 4, 1940. - 1913 -- Alien land act passed in California.
- 1917 -- Literacy test established as a way to
restrict general - immigration, especially immigration from
southern and eastern - Europe. Creation of a Barred Zone in order to
exclude Asian - immigrants.
- 1922 -- The Cable Act, making it difficult for
female U.S. citizens to - marry non-citizen Asian immigrant men. Those
who did would lose - their citizenship.
- 1922 -- Takao Ozawa v. United States. The
Supreme Court turned down - the Japanese-born immigrants application for
naturalization. - 1923 -- United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind. The
Supreme Court decided - that although Thind was an Aryan (white), he
could not be naturalized. - How was race defined?
- 1923 -- Numerous U.S. Supreme Court cases
upholding the Alien Land Acts
5Immigration and citizenship policies and other
events 4
- 1946 -- The War Bride Act, admitting
foreign-born wives of U.S. service - men.
- 1948 -- The Displaced Persons Act (modified two
years later), intended to - allow 400,000 Europeans to enter the U.S as
refugees in four years. - 1952 -- McCarran-Walter Act, preserving the quota
system by creating - the Asia-Pacific Triangle allowing Asian
immigrants to be - naturalized.
- 1960 -- Cuban refugees were paroled into the
United States after the - revolution led by Castro in 1959.
- 1965 -- The Immigration Reform Act, abolishing
the quota system, setting - a ceiling for both the Western and Eastern
Hemispheres. - 1975 -- The fall of Saigon and the beginning of
Vietnamese and other - southeastern
61790 naturalization act
- Act of March 26, 1790 (1 Stat 103-104) (Excerpts)
That any alien, being a free white person, who
shall have resided within the limits and under
the jurisdiction of the United States for the
term of two years, may be admitted to become a
citizen thereof, on application to any common law
court of record, in any one of the States wherein
he shall have resided for the term of one year at
least, and making proof to the satisfaction of
such court, that he is a person of good
character, and taking the oath or affirmation
prescribed by law, to support the Constitution of
the United States, which oath or affirmation such
court shall administer and the clerk of such
court shall record such application, and the
proceedings thereon and thereupon such person
shall be considered as a citizen of the United
States. And the children of such persons so
naturalized, dwelling within the United States,
being under the age of twenty-one years at the
time of such naturalization, shall also be
considered as citizens of the United States. And
the children of citizens of the United States,
that may be born beyond sea, or out of the limits
of the United States, shall be considered as
natural born citizens Provided, that the right
of citizenship shall not descend to persons whose
fathers have never been resident in the United
States . . .
7Foreign languages in the US 1990
- Population 5 years and older 230,445,777
- Only English 198,600,798
- non-English 31,844,979
- Total percent of non-English 13.8
- French (and Creoles) 1,930,404
- Spanish (and Creole) 17,345,064
- German 1,547,987
- Chinese 1,319,462
- Italian 1,308,648
- Tagalog 843,251
- Polish 723,483
- Korean 626,478
- Indo European 578,076
- Indic 555,126
- Vietnamese 507,069
- Portuguese (and Creole) 430,610
- Japanese 427,657
- Greek 388,260
- Arabic 355,150
8Language 2005
- Total population 5 years old and
over 268,110,961 - Speak only English 216,176,111
- Spanish or Spanish Creole 32,184,293
- Chinese
2,300,467 - French (including Patois, Cajun) 1,383,432
- French Creole 548,986
- Tagalog
1,376,632 - Vietnamese 1,142,328
- German
1,120,256 - Korean
983,954 - Russian
812,404 - Italian 802,436
- Arabic 686,986
- Portuguese or Portuguese Creole 661,990
- Polish 607,585
- African languages
581,947 - Hindi 462,371
- Japanese 457,836
- Persian 325,892
9Sources
- North American Immigrant Letters, Diaries and
Oral Histories - http//solomon.imld.alexanderstreet.com/
- Articles on immigration from the Atlantic
- http//www.theatlantic.com/politics/immigrat/immig
rat.htm - Center for immigration studies
- http//www.cis.org/
- Search Immigration Emigration Records
- http//www.ancestry.com/search/rectype/default.asp
x?rt40 - Angel Island
- http//www.angelisland.org/ http//www.aiisf.org/
http//www.angelisland.org/immigr02.html - Angel Island Poetry
- http//www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/a_f/ang
el/angel.htm - Video
- http//images.google.com/imgres?imgurlhttp//rpp.
english.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/2006/08/angel_
island_1_lg.jpgimgrefurlhttp//rpp.english.ucsb.
edu/classroom/ucsb-courses/english-104a/angel-isla
nd-poemsh800w1000sz210hlenstart1um1us
g__D9
10Opening
- the future of the historical profession is in the
hands of high school history teachers.
11Centrality of immigration in US history
- "Once I thought to write a history of the
immigrants in America. Then I discovered that the
immigrants were American history --Oscar
Handlin, The Uprooted The Epic Story of Great
Migrations that Made the American People (1951.) - A Nation of Immigrants by JFK (1964)
12Centrality of immigration in American history
- Two quotes
- Studying immigration helps us better understand
topics specified in California Content Standards,
such as industrialization, urbanization, food,
ethnicity, food, etc. - It also helps us comprehend fundamental changes
in American society. - It helps us better understand political,
socioeconomic and cultural changes in America - The immigrants are changed by the New World and
they have also changed America. - The immigrants are changed by the New World and
they have also changed America. - It reveals the global connections in American
life. - We are at a historic moment
13Fundamental changes in society
- Of particular importance is the change in the
character and nature of American society. - Who are included and excluded? Who should have
the essential rights as an American? - the class, gender, and especially dimensions of
these questions. - The meaning of American-ness has changed
profoundly historically, as we will see. For a
long time, Asians were regarded as non-American.
14Changing paradigms in the study of immigration
history
- Every generation writes its own history.
- Assimilation theory the most powerful and most
influential model for understanding immigrant
life. - Third-generation theory
- From The Uprooted to The Transplanted (By John
Bodnar, 1985). - Another important for the revision of history
the demand by the descendants of newer
immigrants.
15Assimilation theory
- Robert Park (1864-1944)
- Chicago School of Sociology
- assimilation is inevitable and it has four
progressive and irreversible stages contact,
competition, accommodation, and assimilation. - Influenced Chinese American scholars Paul Siu
Rose Hum Lee
16misassumptions of the assimilation theory
- There is a fixed, never-changing norm of being
American. - It is based on European immigrant experiences in
the early 20 century. - It focuses on the American setting.
- It believed that assimilation brings upward
social mobility, assuming that everyone starts
from the bottom. -
- A tool used to judged the immigrants the good
one assimilated and the bad ones do not. - It is the ultimate goal of the immigrants, and it
is inevitable. - The immigrants were seen as a problem
socioeconomically and culturally.
17Third generation theory
- Marcus L. Hansen (1892-1938)
- The first generation the society regards them as
a problem looked down upon them survival. -
- The second generation pressure to assimilate at
school constantly criticized and mocked - tension in the family
- Eager to forget 100 Americanized.
- ( Nothing is more Yankee that a Yankeeized
person of foreign descent.) - The third generation more confident and eager to
re-remember. that which the son wishes to
forget the grandson wishes to remember.
18comparison
- The Transplanted
- Continued connections with the Old World family
ties and cultural traditions, etc. - Part of capitalism development locally and
globally. As a calculated response by families
and individuals in response to such developments. - Broader coverage of different immigrant groups,
especially the new immigrants. Some coverage of
Asian immigrants.
- The Uprooted
- Discontinuity from homeland and traditions
- Forced escape from hardships at home.
- Exclusively focused on European immigrants
19Changing immigration patterns
- Shifting waves of immigration
- The saga continues
- The number of Asian Americans
- The Asian American experience challenges old
assumptions
20Shifting waves of immigration
- During the 17th and 18th centuries, most
immigrants came from Western and Northern Europe. - In the mid-19th century, large numbers of Irish
immigrants arrived. So did Chinese immigrants
the first large wave of immigrants from Asia.
But it was soon banned. - Beginning from the late 19th century, Southern
and Eastern Europe became the primary source of
immigrants.
21Earlier Immigration Waves
- During The century of immigration (1820 to
1924), nearly 36,000,000 immigrants came to the
U.S. - Peak decade 1900-1910, 8,800,000 arrived
- 1910 one of every seven was born outside the
United States - During the 18th 19th centuries, 20 of the
businessmen, 20 of the scholars/scientists 46
of the musicians were first generation immigrants.
22New immigration patterns
- The post-1965 period belongs to the third world
- 1981 - 1990, over 7,338,000 immigrated to U.S.,
only 9.6 of them were European. 38 of them are
Asians.
23Changing immigration patterns (post-1965)
24Immigration numbers 1831-2005
251 of every 8 people is an immigrant
- one in eight U.S. residents is an immigrants
today. - In 1970 it was one in 21
- in 1980 it was one in 16
- in 1990 it was one in 13.
- Since 2000, 10.3 million immigrants have arrived
the highest seven-year period of immigration in
U.S. history. More than half of post-2000
arrivals (5.6 million) are estimated to be
illegal aliens. - The largest increases in immigrants were in
California, Florida, Texas, New Jersey, Illinois,
Arizona, Virginia, Maryland, Washington, Georgia,
North Carolina, and Pennsylvania.
26Chinese and other Asians
27The Asian American experience challenges old
assumptions
- 1. The immigrant children will assimilate and be
accepted automatically into American society.
For a long time, Asian Americans were viewed
outsiders. Unlike other groups, who became
white over time, American-born Asians continued
to face discrimination. Here, I should discuss
the notion of whiteness. - 2. Everyone starts at the bottom. A
significant number of Asian immigrants came with
middle class resources money or education. In
terms of their income and material wealth, they
can join the middle class in a short period of
time. - Many Asians came to America by way of higher
education they came as students, mostly
graduate students. An overwhelming majority of
them study in the technical fields mathematics,
engineering, sciences, and business. - The hi-tech revolution that started to transform
the American economy in the late 1990s, provided
additional opportunities for such Asian
Americans. - 3. Race relations in the U.S. are simply between
blacks and whites. The growing presence of
Asians and Latinos helps us understand the
complex nature of the issue of race in America.
There have been Chinese in the south since the
late 19th century. Back in the early 20th
century, they were sometime classified as white
and sometimes as black. - 4. The immigrant experience is to be understood
only in the context of American society. The
Asian American experience has been characterized
by transnationalism. Like many other before
them, they continue to maintain strong ties to
their ancestral lands, facilitating socioeconomic
and cultural interactions between the United
States and these lands. - 5. Immigrants are passive recipients of American
influence. They are also changing American
culture food language, etc.