WORLD WAR II

1
WORLD WAR II
2
(No Transcript)
3

• I. Differences between Democratic, Fascist,
  Communism
• A. Democracies Based on individual rights
• 1. Economic Rights Capitalism
  (Own
• business make money)
• 2. Government Rights Democratic
  
• Elected govt.
• a. Choose leaders by voting
  
• 3. Examples U.S./ Britain/ France

4

• B. Fascist Dictatorship w/ private business
• 1. Economic rights Capitalism
  (own business
• 
  make
• 2. Government rights NONE
• a. Totalitarian/Dictatorship
  
• 1. One person or Party
  leader
• 3. Examples Germany/ Italy/
  Japan
• C. Communism Good of everyone
• 1. Economic rights NONE
• a. All owned by government
• 2. Government rights One
  person/party
• a. Totalitarian/Dictatorship
  
• b. Examples Soviet Union
  (Russia)

5
(No Transcript)
6
(No Transcript)
7

• D. Advantages Disadvantages
• 1. Communism Fascism
• a. Govt controls ALL
  information
• there is NO opposition
• 2. Democracies People choose to
• fight, can elect new leaders any
• time.

8
Democracy
Fascism
Communism
9

• II. Major causes of WWII in Europe
• A. WWI Depression causes
• 1. Winners of WWI harsh on Germany
• (Reparations smaller
  military-
• humiliating)
• 2. Great Depression hurts Europe
• especially Germany
• a. Fascist think Democracy is weak
  cant help
• B. Rise of Fascism due to WWI Depression
• 1. Italy the 1st Fascist country
• a. Upset it didnt get more
  after WWI
• b. Benito Mussolini comes to power in
  1922

10

• 2. Germany Adolf Hitler
• a. NAZI- National Socialist German
• Worker Party
• b. Uses Thugs- Brown Shirts to beat
  up
• opponents and critics (young
  men, no
• jobs)
• c. Wants to blame everyone for
• Germanys trouble Jews,
  Democracy!!,
• The Allies
• d. Never Had Majority- Scared or
  Killed
• people

11

• C. Hitlers Goals for Revenge
• 1. LEBENSRAUM Living Space for
• Germans
• a. Take land from non-Germans
• (considered less human)
  
• b. Adds land w/No fighting
  APPEASEMENT
• - Britain France give land
  to avoid War
• - Austria, Sudetenland
  (Czechoslovakia-all)
• 2. Builds huge military
• a. Modern army with tanks
  planes
• - All move fast work
  together (radio)
• b. BLITZKREIG Lightning
  War
• - practices on Spain to
  help Fascists there

12

• D. War The Reaction
• 1. Hitler invades Poland Sept. 1,
  1939
• a. Uses Blitzkrieg
  destroys Poland
• b. Britain France declare
  WAR
• 1. Appeasement was a
  JOKE
• 2. Hitler had secret
  treaty with
• Soviets (Stalin)

13

• 2. United States reaction
• a. Officially Neutral Isolationist
• -many famous people almost like
  Hitler
• (Ford, Kennedy, Lindbergh)
• b. Great Britain all Alone!!
  (Churchill)
• - France got butt kicked
  Germany controls it
• - Germany bombing Britain and
  planning
• attack
• c. Roosevelt helps Britain
• 1. Lend Lease Policy
  (Boats/guns)
• 2. Atlantic Charter
• a. U.S. Britain are
  Friends
• 3. U.S. begins to build up
  own military

14

• III. Japans Expansion in the Pacific
• A. Military takes control of Japan
• 1. Emperor Hirohitos power????
• (Prisoner?)
• a. General Tojo in REAL power
• 2. Wants Japan to be equal to European
• 
  powers
• a. Believes they are better than
  all
• other Asians just like Germany in
  Europe
• b. Signs treaty with Germany

15

• B. Japan wants raw material and colonies
• 1. Invades China, Korea British
  Colonies
• a. Brutal to China Rape of
  Nanking
• 1. Murder MILLIONS of
  Chinese
• 2. Only competition in Pacific is
  U.S.
• a. U.S. has Philippines,
  Hawaii,
• Samoa Alaska
• C. Attacking the U.S. Pearl Harbor
• 1. Japan thinks U.S. is racist
  (true)
• will try to stop them from
  growing (true)
• a. U.S. stopped selling steel
• limits trade to them

16

• 2. Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Dec. 7, 1941
• a. Goal is to destroy U.S. AIRCRAFT
  CARRIERS
• - Carriers were out at sea they
  survive
• b. Surprise attack U.S. should have known
  
• broke Japanese code
• 3. Waking a Sleeping Dog
• a. Japanese General said it was
  a mistake
• b. U.S. declares WAR
• - Roosevelt A day that will
  live in infamy
• - Germany declares war on U.S.

17
(No Transcript)
18
The ships were USS Arizona - Magazine explosion,
sunk with few survivors USS California - Sunk
USS Maryland - Damaged USS Nevada - Damaged and
run aground USS Oklahoma - Capsized and sunk
USS Pennsylvania - Damaged. The Pennsylvania was
in dry dock USS Tennessee - Damaged USS West
Virginia - Sunk
19
The USS Arizona (BB-39) burning after the
Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
20
Battleships USS West Virginia and USS Tennessee
after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on Dec.
7, 1941.
21
Photograph of the USS Nevada beached at Hospital
Point after the attack on Pearl Harbor.
22
Aircraft damage at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii from
Japanese attack.
23
Captured Japanese photograph taken during the
attack on Pearl Harbor, Dec. 7, 1941. In the
foreground, part of Battleship Row. In the
distance, the smoke rises from Hickam Field.
24

• IV. Hitlers defeat in Europe
• A. Germany unstoppable early
• 1. Blitzkreig kills Poland
  France (1939,
• 1940)
• 2. Britain becomes a fortress
• a. Germany bombs daily
• b. Royal Air Force (RAF)
  fights back
• c. Churchill Never
  Surrender
• B. Tag Team Enemies
• 1. Hitler invades Soviet Union
• (1941- Barbarosa)
• a. Soviets being killed like crazy
• b. Siege of Leningrad- Slash
  burn retreat

25

• 2. Britain U.S. help soviets
• a. I would favor the devil if
  it was
• against Germany W.
  Churchill
• b. FDR sends aid to Soviets
  ( Isolationists mad) US fear
  communists more!
• c. Germany has to fight on two
  fronts
• 1. West U.S. Britain
• 2. East Soviets
• 3. Germany declares war on U.S.
  after
• Pearl Harbor
• a. Smart????? Why not???

26
Germany fights on two fronts
27

• C. Attacking the German Empire
• 1. Africa
• a. German Gen. Rommel Desert
  Fox
• 1. Kicked butt early
• b. U.S. joins fight helps
  British
• c. Germany kicked out by 1942
• 2. Italy (1943)
• a. Starts in Southern Italy
  with
• paratroopers sea
  landings
• b. Mussolini overthrown by
  Italians
• - Executed dragged in
  streets
• c. Germans still fight in
  Italy
• against Allies

28

• 3. D-Day (Normandy) June 6, 1944
• a. Allies invade France (Operation
• 
  Overload)
• -General Eisenhower Supreme
• 
  Commander
• Wrote failure letter just in case
• - Germany
  had France 4 years
• - Builds
  fortress along coast
• b. Huge DEADLY attack-
  150,000
• men
• - Dropped on
  beach to face
• machine
  guns
• c. 1 million men in France in 6
  weeks !!

29
Landing ships putting cargo ashore on one of the
invasion beaches, at low tide during the first
days of the operation, June 1944.
30
Coast Guard manned USS LST-21 unloads British
Army tanks and trucks onto a "Rhino" barge during
the early hours of the invasion, 6 June 1944
31
U.S. Army troops administer first aid to the
survivors of sunken landing craft, on "D-Day", 6
June 1944.
32
Army troops wade ashore on "Omaha" Beach during
the "D-Day" landings, 6 June 1944.
33
U.S. Soldiers of the 8th Infantry Regiment, 4th
Infantry Division, move out over the seawall on
"Utah" Beach, after coming ashore.
34

• D. Germany is defeated
• 1. Germanys last chance-
• Battle of the Bulge
• a. Germany defeated but huge battle
• 2. U.S. Britain bomb Germany
• a. U.S. in day Britain at night
• (deadly job)
• - Huge losses in
  factories/supplies
• 3. Soviets start to win in East
• a. Russian winter freezes
  Germans

35
Battle of the Bulge
36
Battle of
the Bulge
37
Rifle and helmet traditional tribute to a fallen
soldier
38
(No Transcript)
39

• E. V-E Day (Victory in Europe)
• 1. Hitlers suicide April 30, 1945
• a. Germany surrenders May 7,
  1945
• - Soviets capture Berlin
• 2. U.S. Soviets meet 60 miles south
  of
• Berlin
• a. Start of Democracy v.
  Communism

40

• V. U.S. Island Hopping Japan to Defeat
• A. Japans 6 months of victory
• 1. Pearl HarborGreat attack but
• missed ____________
• 2. Japan conquers Pacific and Asia
• a. Philippines taken
  (MacArthur- I
• shall return)
• b. Guam/Wake/Singapore/Hong
  Kong
• 3. Japanese brutal to prisoners/civilians
• a. Executions/starvation/t
  orture
• (Bataan Death March)

41

• B. Island hopping to victory- General MacArthur
• 1. May June 1942
• a. Battle of Coral Sea Battle of
  Midway
• b. Japanese Aircraft Carriers sunk
• 2. Horrible fights
• a. Japanese fight to the death
  (suicide attacks)
• b. Battle of Iwo Jima (flag
  picture)
• c. Kamikaze suicide planes
• C. The BOMB Hiroshima Nagasaki
• 1. Manhattan Project
• a. Secret project to build Atomic
  Bomb
• - Einstein told Roosevelt about
  Germany
• b. Dr. Oppenheimer from Univ. of Cali
• - Plus tons of others in secret
  treaties

42
(No Transcript)
43
On Okinawa, just 350 miles from Japan, a Marine
dashes through Japanese machine gun fire while
crossing a draw, called 'Death Valley' by the men
fighting there. Marines sustained more than 125
casualties in eight hours crossing this valley.
May 1945.
44
(No Transcript)
45

• 2. Why ?????
• a. Japanese promise EVERY man, woman and
  
• child will fight to the DEATH!!!
• b. Pres. Truman claim 1 million soldiers
  might die
• c. Already bombed cities in Japan
  Germany
• - Dresden in Germany Fire Storm
• 3. When August 1945
• a. Truman warns- Prompt Utter
  Destruction
• b. Hiroshima- August 6, 1945
• - Enola Gay dropped bomb Little
  Boy
• c. Nagasaki- August 9, 1945
• - Box Car drops Fat Man
• d. 110,000 killed radiation deaths
  later
• - U.S. studies bomb victims

46
Col. Paul W. Tibbets, pilot of the B-29
Superfortress ENOLA GAY, waves from the cockpit
just before taking off from Tinian Island to drop
the Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima. The 9,000 lb. bomb
was dropped from 31,600 feet and detonated at
815 a.m., August 6, 1945, about 1,900 feet above
the center of Hiroshima. A blinding light,
tremendous explosion and dark gray cloud
enveloped the city, followed by a rising mushroom
shaped cloud. The Japanese estimated 72,000 were
killed and 70,000 out of 76,000 buildings in the
city were destroyed.
47
On August 9, 1945, the American B-29 bomber,
Bock's Car left Tinian carrying Fat Man, a
plutonium implosion-type bomb. It was dropped on
Nagasaki.
48
The ruins around the Industrial Promotion Hall,
now known as the Atomic Bomb Dome in Hiroshima.
(Aug. 6, 1945)
49

• D. Japan surrenders Aug. 15, 1945 V-J Day
• (Victory over Japan)
• 1. Emperor announces surrender on radio
• a. 1st time Japanese have heard his
  voice
• 2. Japan surrenders to MacArthur on
• the USS Missouri battleship
• 3. U.S. takes control of Japan creates
• new Govt

50
E. Results 1. Battle Dead
Britain U.S. Soviets Japan Soldiers
303,000 322,000 7,500,000
1,576,000 Civilians 85,000 0
20,000,000 300,000
51
2. Unconditional Surrender a. Both Germany
Japan Japan- U.S. military
control Germany- Split sectors
controlled by Allies (Berlin
in USSR sector but still split)
- totally at mercy of victors
b. Soviets and U.S. World Powers -Old
European powers destroyed by war
ex France Britain -Fascism dead,
democracy must face the
devil (Communism)
52
USS Missouri
53
Gen. Douglas MacArthur signs as Supreme Allied
Commander during formal surrender ceremonies on
the USS MISSOURI in Tokyo Bay. September 2, 1945.
54
(No Transcript)
55
(No Transcript)
56

• VI. Everyone Helps At Home
• A. Factories and farms roar
• 1. Huge amounts produced
• a. NO bombing makes it easy
• 2. Ladies to the rescue
• a. women take factory jobs
  
• (Rosie the Riveter)
• B. Ration Books Coupons that limit how
• much of anything you can buy at a
  time
• (week, month, year)
• 1. Tires/ shoes/ sugar/ butter/ gas
• 2. Some things not available
• Panty hose for parachutes

57

• C. We Need Troops
• 1. Selective Service (Draft)
• a. Men 18-35 MUST serve if
  called
• b. Still around today (register
  _at_ 18)
• 2. Women serve (WACs WAVES)
• a. Army Navy womens service
• (nurses, pilots)
• D. Racism at home (Fighting
  NAZIs??????????)
• 1. Japanese-Americans (are they loyal?)
• a. Starts at Pearl Harbor Not trusted
  Ex-planes
• b. Japanese Internment Camps
• - Japanese on West coast moved
  to camps
• - Loose property/ homes/
  business
• - Supreme Ct. Roosevelt support
  it

58
(No Transcript)
59
Young Americans of Japanese descent who have just
arrived at an assembly center
60
(No Transcript)
61

• 2. Army still segregated
• a. Tuskegee Airmen All Black fighter
  pilots
• b. Nisei Battalion Japanese Amer.
• fight in Italy
• c. Navajo Code Talkers Native Amer.
• use language as radio men to keep
• Japanese clueless

62
(No Transcript)
63
(No Transcript)
64
HOLOCAUST
65

• I. The Holocaust
• A. Hitlers Terror
• 1. Mein Kampf (1924)
• a. Book written explaining
  views
• b. Blames Jew for WWI
  Depression
• c. Focuses on racial purity
• 2. Terror Group SS
• a. Troops directly loyal to
  Hitler
• 1. Led by Heinrich
  Himmler
• b. Believe, Obey, Fight
  follow
• Hitlers orders no matter
  legal or not

66

• c. Gestapo (State Police)
• 1. Crush any opposition to
  Hitler
• 2. Above the law protecting
  Hitler
• a. Spies,
  impersonators
• d. Run Death Camps
• 1. Organize carry out
• exterminations
• a. Labor, medical
  experiments 3.
  Concentration Camps (1933)
• a. NOT killing centers
• b. Political religious
  dissidents
• c. Run as labor camps to keep
• dissent quiet
• d. Death through exhaustion

67

• FINAL SOLUTION-Extermination of Jews in Europe
  includes gypsies, mentally ill, soviet POWs
  and other non-conformists
• 4. KILLING centers
• a. Camps only used for mass
  killings
• b. Camp organization
• 1. SS Administration
• 2. GuardsSS men
• 3. KaposJews or camp
  prisoners

68

• c. 1st Method-Instatgrupen Death Squads
• 1. shooting
• d. 2nd Method-Bread Vans
• 1. Use CO from exhaust to kill
• e. 3rd Method-Busses with Lye
• 1. Same as vans with lye on the
  
• floor to kill quicker
• f. 4th Method-Death Camps
• 1. Gas Chambers (Zyclon B)
• 2. Shootings
• 3. 45 min. from arrival to
  death
• 5. Camps
• a. Chelmo, Treblinka, Sobibor,
  Maidanek,
• Belzac and Auschwitz

69

• B. Nuremburg Trials
• 1. Allies formed a court to try Nazi
  leaders
• a. 21 Nazis were convicted of crimes
• 7 Japanese leaders were put to
  death
• for crimes against humanity.

70

• Camp Location Established
  Murdered
• Auschwitz Poland May 1940
  1,100,000
• BelzecBelzec Poland March 1942
  600,000
• Bergen-Belsen Germany April 1943
  35,000
• Chelmno Poland Dec. 1941
  320,000
• Dachau Germany March 193
  332,000
• MajdanekLublin Poland Feb.1943
  360,000
• Mauthausen      Austria August 1938
  120,000
• Stutthof Poland Sept.
  1939 65,000
• Treblinka Poland July 1942
  n/a
• Westerbork Netherlands  October 1939
  n/a

71
(No Transcript)
72
(No Transcript)
73
GERMANY
74
POLAND
75

• JOURNAL
• D Correct date
• Q Explain the following statement.
• In Germany first they came for the Communists
• And I did not speak out
• Because I was not Communist.
• Then they came for the Jews.
• And I did not speak out because I was not a Jew.
• Then they came for the trade unionists
• And I did not speak out because
• I was not a trade unionist.
• Then they came for the Catholics
• And I did not speak out because I was not
  Catholic.
• Then they came for me
• And there was no one left
• To speak for me.
• (Paster Martin Niemoller)

76
Reichsfuehrer-SS Heinrich Himmler inspects the
women's concentration camp Ravensbrueck. (1941)
77
View of the entrance to the main camp of
Auschwitz (Auschwitz I). The gate bears the
motto Arbeit Macht Frei (Work makes one free)
78

• The furnaces of Krema II in Auschwitz

The furnaces of Krema II in Auschwitz
79
Cannisters of Zyklon B used in gas chambers at
Auschwitz
80
Jewish children, kept alive in the Auschwitz II
(Birkenau) pose in concentrationcamp uniforms
between two rows of barbed wire fencing after
liberation.
81
Jewish children, the victims of medical
experiments in Auschwitz
82
Birkenau crematorium under construction
83
The group on the right was selected for the gas
chambers at Birkenau
84

• GENOCIDE

85

• JOURNAL
• D Write correct date.
• Q What is Genocide?
• (Write a paragraph about
• what genocide is or what
• you think it is.)

86

• GENOCIDE
• The deliberate and systematic extermination of a
  national, racial, political, or cultural group.

87

• Quoted from a speech delivered by Hitler to the
  Supreme Commanders and Commanding Generals, as
  the Nazis marched into Poland in 1939.
• I have issued the command - and Ill have anybody
  who utters but one word of criticism executed by
  a firing squad - that our war aim does not
  consist in reaching certain lines, but in the
  physical destruction of the enemy. Accordingly I
  have placed my death-head formations in readiness
  - for the present only in the East - with orders
  to them to send to death mercilessly and without
  compassion, men, women, and children of Polish
  derivation and language. Only thus shall we gain
  the living space (Lebensraum) which we need. Who,
  after all, speaks today of the annihilation of
  the Armenians?
• Adolf Hitler August 22, 1939

88

• The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment
  of the Crime of Genocide (the United Nations
  Definition of Genocide)
• General Assembly Resolution 260A (III) Article 2
• In the present Convention, genocide means any of
  the following acts committed with intent to
  destroy, in whole or in part, a national,
  ethnical, racial or religious group, as such
• (a) Killing members of the group
• - (b) Causing serious bodily or mental
  harm to members of
• the group
• (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group
  conditions of life calculated to bring about its
  physical destruction in whole or in part
• (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births
  within the group
• (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group
  to another group

89
The Transatlantic Slave Trade
The slave ship Brookes built for 421 slaves
packed with 700
90

• Unlike most twentieth-century cases of
  premeditated mass killing, the African slave
  trade was not undertaken by a single political
  force or military entity during the course of a
  few months or years. The transatlantic slave
  trade lasted for 400 years, from the 1450s to the
  1860s, as a series of exchanges of captives
  reaching from the interior of sub-Saharan Africa
  to final purchasers in the Americas. It has been
  estimated that in the Atlantic slave trade, up to
  12 million Africans were loaded and transported
  across the ocean under dreadful conditions. About
  2 million victims died on the Atlantic voyage
  (the dreaded Middle Passage) and in the first
  year in the Americas.
• Source Seymour Drescher The Encyclopedia of
  Genocide Slavery as Genocide (ABC-CLIO, Inc.,
  1999) pp.517-518

91
Genocide of the Native Americans
The Trail of Tears Painting by
Robert Lindneux in the Woolaroc Museum,
Bartlesville, Oklahoma
92

• The genocide of peoples indigenous to the U.S.
  portion of North America proceeded along
  different tracks, each defined by the policies of
  the colonial power pursuing it. The colonization
  began in 1607 when Englands Jamestown colonists
  arrived in present-day Virginia with instructions
  to settle the already heavily populated coastal
  area. Beginning in 1830, the U.S. undertook a
  policy of removing all native people from the
  area east of the Mississippi River. In the series
  of interments and thousand-mile forced marches
  which followed, entire peoples were decimated.
  The Cherokees, for instance, suffered 50 percent
  fatalities during the Trail of Tears the
  Choctaws, Chickasaws, Seminoles and Creeks, 25 to
  35 percent apiece.
• Source Ward Churchill The Encyclopedia of
  Genocide Genocide of the Native Populations in
  the United States (ABC-CLIO, Inc., 1999)
  pp.434-436

93
The Herero Genocide
Hereros captured by the German
Military in 1904.
94

• The Herero Genocide occurred between 1904-1907 in
  current day Namibia. The Hereros were herdsmen
  who migrated to the region in the 17th and 18th
  centuries. After a German presence was
  established in the region in the 1800s, the
  Herero territory was annexed (in 1885) as a part
  of German South West Africa.
• A series of uprisings against German
  colonialists, from 19041907, led to the
  extermination of approximately four-fifths of the
  Herero population. After Herero soldiers attacked
  German farmers, German troops implemented a
  policy to eliminate all Hereros from the region,
  including women and children.

95
The Armenian Genocide
Source Henry Morgenthau, Sr. Ambassador
Morgenthaus Story (Doubleday, Page Co., 1918,)
Fig. 50.
96

• The Armenian Genocide was carried out by the
  "Young Turk" government of the Ottoman Empire
  from 1915 to 1923. Starting in April 1915,
  Armenians in the Ottoman armies, serving
  separately in unarmed labor battalions, were
  removed and murdered. Of the remaining
  population, the adult and teenage males were
  separated from the deportation caravans and
  killed under the direction of Young Turk
  functionaries. Women and children were driven for
  months over mountains and desert, often raped,
  tortured, and mutilated. Deprived of food and
  water, they fell by the hundreds of thousands
  along the routes to the desert. Ultimately, more
  than half the Armenian population (1,500,000
  people) was annihilated. Pontic Greeks and the
  Assyrians were also targeted by the Ottoman
  Turks.

97
The Ukrainian Genocide/The Great Famine
Source The Artificial Famine/Genocide in Ukraine
1932-33 Web site
98

• In 1932-33, Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet
  Union, imposed the system of land management know
  as collectivization. This resulted in the seizure
  of all privately owned farmland and livestock. By
  1932, much of the wheat crop was dumped on the
  foreign market to generate cash to aid Stalins
  Five-Year Plan. The law demanded that no grain
  could be given to feed the peasants until a quota
  was met. By the spring of 1933, an estimated
  25,000 people died every day in the Ukraine.
  Deprived of the food they had grown with their
  own hands, an estimated 7,000,000 persons
  perished due to the resulting famine in this area
  known as the breadbasket of Europe. Between
  1934-39 13,000,000 peasants/civilians died.
• Source The History Place - Genocide in the 20th
  Century Web site
• (www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/genocide/stalin
  .htm)

99
Rape of Nanking
Source China Past Present Web site
(www.bergen.org/AAST/Projects/ChinaHistory)
100

• In December of 1937, the Japanese Imperial Army
  marched into Chinas capital city of Nanking and
  proceeded to murder 300,000 out of the 600,000
  civilians and soldiers in the city. After just
  four days of fighting, Japanese troops smashed
  into the city with orders issued to kill all
  captives. The terrible violence - citywide
  burnings, stabbings, drownings, rapes, and thefts
  - did not cease for about six weeks. It is for
  the crimes against the women of Nanking that this
  tragedy is most notorious. The Japanese troops
  raped over 20,000 women, most of whom were
  murdered thereafter so they could never bear
  witness.
• Source The History Place - Genocide in the 20th
  Century Web site
• (www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/genocide/nankin
  g.htm)

101
The Holocaust
Source Teresa Swiebocka Auschwitz A History in
Photographs (Indiana University Press, 1993)
102

• In 1933, the Jewish population of Europe stood at
  over nine million. Most European Jews lived in
  countries that the Third Reich would occupy or
  influence during World War II. By 1945, close to
  two out of every three European Jews had been
  killed as part of the "Final Solution", the Nazi
  policy to murder the Jews of Europe. Although
  Jews were the primary victims of Nazi racism,
  other victims included tens of thousands of Roma
  (Gypsies). At least 200,000 mentally or
  physically disabled people were murdered in the
  Euthanasia Program. As Nazi tyranny spread across
  Europe, the Nazis persecuted and murdered
  millions of other people. More than three million
  Soviet prisoners of war were murdered or died of
  starvation, disease, neglect, or maltreatment.
  The Germans targeted the non-Jewish Polish
  intelligentsia for killing, and deported millions
  of Polish and Soviet citizens for forced labor in
  Germany or in occupied Poland. From the earliest
  years of the Nazi regime, homosexuals and others
  deemed to be behaving in a socially unacceptable
  way were persecuted. Thousands of political
  dissidents (including Communists, Socialists, and
  trade unionists) and religious dissidents (such
  as Jehovah's Witnesses) were also targeted. Many
  of these individuals died as a result of
  incarceration and maltreatment. Between 12-17
  million perished.
• Source The United States Holocaust Memorial
  Museum (http//www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/)

103
Mao Tse-tungs Cultural Revolution
Source Ji-Li Jiang's Web site
(www.jilijiang.com/red-scarf-girl)
104

• October 1, 1949 marked Mao Tse-tungs
  proclamation of the Peoples Republic of China.
  The Chinese Communist Party launched numerous
  movements to systematically destroy the
  traditional Chinese social and political system.
  One of Maos major goals was the total
  collectivization of the peasants. In 1958, he
  launched the Great Leap Forward campaign. This
  act was aimed at accomplishing economic and
  technical development of the country at a faster
  pace and with greater results. Instead, the
  Great Leap Forward destroyed the agricultural
  system, causing a terrible famine in which 27
  million people starved to death. In all over
  49,000,000 perished between 1958-1969.
• Source R.J. Rummel The Encyclopedia of Genocide
  China, Genocide in The Communist Anthill
  (ABC-CLIO, Inc., 1999) pp.150

105
The Killing Fields The Cambodian Genocide
Source The History Wiz Web site
(www.historywiz.com/cambodia.htm)
106

• From 1975-1979, Pol Pot led the Khmer Rouge
  political party in a reign of violence, fear, and
  brutality over Cambodia. An attempt to form a
  Communist peasant farming society resulted in the
  deaths of 25 of the population from starvation,
  overwork, and executions. By 1975, the U.S. had
  withdrawn its troops from Vietnam, and Cambodia
  lost its American military support. Taking
  advantage of this opportunity, Pol Pots Khmer
  Rouge seized control of Cambodia. Inspired by
  Maos Cultural Revolution in Communist China, Pol
  Pot attempted to purify Cambodia of western
  culture, city life, and religion. Different
  ethnic groups and all those considered to be of
  the old society, intellectuals, former
  government officials, and Buddhist monks were
  murdered. What is rotten must be removed was a
  slogan proclaimed throughout the Khmer Rouge era.
  1,700,000 perished.

107
Genocide in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Source The Genocide Factor Web site
(www.genocidefactor.com/image6.htm)
108

• In the republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina, conflict
  between the three main ethnic groups - the Serbs,
  Croats, and Muslims - resulted in genocide
  committed by the Serbs against Bosnian Muslims.
  In the late 1980s a Serbian named Slobodan
  Milosevic came to power. In 1992 acts of ethnic
  cleansing started in Bosnia, a mostly Muslim
  country where the Serb minority made up only 32
  of the population. Milosevic responded to
  Bosnias declaration of independence by attacking
  Sarajevo, where Serb snipers shot down civilians.
  The Bosnian Muslims were outgunned and the Serbs
  continued to gain ground. They systematically
  rounded up local Muslims and committed acts of
  mass murder, deported men and boys to
  concentration camps, and forced repopulation of
  entire towns. Serbs also terrorized Muslim
  families by using rape as a weapon against women
  and girls. Over 200,000 Muslim civilians were
  systematically murdered and 2,000,000 became
  refugees at the hands of the Serbs.
• Source The History Place - Genocide in the 20th
  Century Web site
• (www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/genocide/bosnia
  .htm)

109
The Rwandan Genocide
Source Father Ryan High School Web site
(www.fatherryan.org/holocaust/rwanda/picture.htm)

110

• Beginning on April 6, 1994, groups of ethnic
  Hutu, armed mostly with machetes, began a
  campaign of terror and bloodshed which embroiled
  the Central African country of Rwanda. For about
  100 days, the Hutu militias, known in Rwanda as
  Interhamwe, followed what evidence suggests was a
  clear and premeditated attempt to exterminate the
  country's ethnic Tutsi population. The Rwandan
  state radio, controlled by Hutu extremists,
  further encouraged the killings by broadcasting
  non-stop hate propaganda and even pinpointed the
  locations of Tutsis in hiding. The killings only
  ended after armed Tutsi rebels, invading from
  neighboring countries, managed to defeat the
  Hutus and halt the genocide in July 1994. By
  then, over one-tenth of the population, an
  estimated 800,000 persons, had been killed. The
  country's industrial infrastructure had been
  destroyed and much of its population had been
  dislocated.
• Source The History Place - Genocide in the 20th
  Century Web site (www.historyplace.com/worldhistor
  y/genocide/rwanda.htm)

111
The Genocide in Darfur
The remains of the village of Jijira Adi Abbe in
Darfur, western Sudan, after the government
attack.
112

• Violence and destruction are raging in the Darfur
  region of western Sudan. Since February 2003,
  government-sponsored militias known as the
  Janjaweed have conducted a calculated campaign of
  slaughter, rape, starvation and displacement in
  Darfur.
• It is estimated that 400,000 people have died due
  to violence, starvation and disease. More than
  2.5 million people have been displaced from their
  homes and over 200,000 have fled across the
  border to Chad. Many now live in camps lacking
  adequate food, shelter, sanitation, and health
  care.
• The United States Congress and President George
  W. Bush recognized the situation in Darfur as
  "genocide." Darfur, "near Hell on Earth," has
  been declared the worst humanitarian crisis in
  the world today.
• Source Excerpt from the Save Darfur Coalition
  Web Site (www.savedarfur.org)

113

• THE WORST GENOCIDES OF THE 20TH CENTURY
• CHINA Mao Ze-Dong (1958-69) 49,000,000
• USSR Stalin (1934-39)
  13,000,000
• GERMANY Hitler (1939-45)
  12,000,000
• JAPAN Hideki Tojo (1941-44)
  5,000,000
• CAMBODIA Pol Pot (1975-79) 1,700,000
• N. KOREA Kim Il Sung (1948-94)
  1,600,000
• ETHIOPIA Menghistu (1975-78)
  1,500,000
• TURKEY Ismail Enver (1915) 1,200,000
• BIAFRA Yakubu Gowon (1967-70) 1,000,000
• AFGANISTAN Brezhnev (1979-82)
  900,000

114

• RWANDA Kambanda (1994) 800,000
• EAST TIMOR Suharto (1966-98) 800,000
• IRAN Hussein (1980-90) 600,000
• PAKISTAN Khan (1971) 500,000
• JAPAN Konoe (1937-39) 500,000
• ANGOLA Savimbi (1975-2002) 400,000
• Additional genocide by leaders in Uganda,
  Bangladesh, Zaire, Liberia, Sierra Leone,
  Yugoslavia, Burundi, Sudan, Vietnam, Guatemala,
  Haiti, Chad, Taiwan, Cuba, Syria, Zimbabwe,
  Chili, Argentina, Iraq.