Absolutism

1
Absolutism
2
Objectives

• Examine absolutism through a comparison of the
  rulers, including Louis XIV and Tsar Peter the
  Great.

3
Absolutism in Europe

• The Theory of Absolutism
• Absolute monarchs kings or queens who held all
  of the power within their states boundaries.
• Believed in divine rights the idea that God
  created the monarchy and that the monarch acted
  as Gods representatives on earth.

4
Growing Power of Europes Monarchs

• Factors which affected the growing power of
  monarchs
• Feudalism declined.
• Rise of cities
• Growth of national kingdoms
• Growing middle class
• Church authority broke down
• Crises Lead to Absolutism
• Continuous warfare
• Monarchs responded to the crises by increasing
  their own power.

5
Spanish Empire

• Phillips II Empire
• Shy, serious, and deeply religious
• Aggressive
• Seized the Portuguese kingdom
• Phillips empire provided him with wealth
• Spain supported an army of about 50,000 soldiers

6
Spanish Empire

• Defender of Catholicism
• Defend Catholicism against the Muslims of the
  Ottoman Empire and the Protestants of Europe
• 1571 sends ships to defeat an Ottoman fleet at
  the popes request
• Spanish Armada
• Even after the defeat, Spain still appeared to be
  powerful because of its wealth.

7
French Empire

• Religious Wars and Power Struggles
• Henry of Navarre (Henry IV)
• Inherited throne in 1589
• Converted to Catholicism to be king
• 1598 Edict of Nantes declared that the
  Huguenots could live in peace in France and set
  up their own houses of worship
• Reign devoted to rebuilding France and its
  prosperity.
• Stabbed to death in 1610.

8
French Empire

• Louis XIII
• Louis XIII (Henrys son) weak king
• Appointed a strong minister
• Cardinal Richelieu
• Cardinal Richelieu
• Richelieu took 2 steps to increase the power of
  the monarchy
• Moved against Huguenots
• Sought to weaken nobles power
• He also wanted to make France the strongest state
  in Europe.

9
French Empire

• Louis XIV Comes to Power
• Became king in 1643 at the age of 14
• Cardinal Mazarin true ruler
• Greatest triumph was ending the Thirty Years
  War
• Nobles hated Mazarin because he increased taxes
  and strengthened central government
• People of France accepted the oppressive law of
  an absolute king

10
French Empire

• Louis weakens the nobles authority
• Weakened power by excluding nobles from his
  councils
• Increased the power of government agents,
  intendants
• Made sure the local officials communicated with
  him regularly.

11
French Empire

• Economic Growth
• Minister of Finance Jean Baptiste Colbert
• Believed in the theory of mercantilism
• Wanted France to become self-sufficient to
  prevent wealth from leaving the country
• To expand manufacturing, he gave government funds
  and tax benefits to French companies
• To protect Frances industries, he placed a
  higher tariff on goods from other countries
• Recognized the importance of colonies in provided
  raw materials

12
The Palace at Versailles
13
The Palace at Versailles
14
(No Transcript)
15
(No Transcript)
16
(No Transcript)
17
(No Transcript)
18
(No Transcript)
19
(No Transcript)
20
French Empire

• Louis Fights
• France was the most powerful country in Europe
• Attempted to expand Frances boundaries
• 1667 Louis invaded the Spanish Netherlands
• 1672 led an army into the Dutch Netherlands
• Ended in 1678 with the Treaty of Nijmegen.
• Fought additional wars
• By 1680s an alliance in Europe formed to stop
  France
• 1689 William of Orange became the king in
  England
• Joined the League of Augsburg

21
French Empire

• War of the Spanish Succession
• 1700 King of Spain, Charles II dies
• 1701 England, Austria, the Dutch Republic,
  Portugal, and several German and Italian states
  joined together to prevent the union of the
  French and Spanish thrones
• War dragged on until 1714

22
French Empire

• Louiss Death and Legacy
• France was a power to be reckoned with in Europe.
• Ranked above all nations in art, literature, and
  statesmanship.
• France was in staggering debt
• Resentment over the tax burden eventually leads
  to revolution

23
Central European Monarchs Clash

• The Thirty Years War
• Religious conflict between Lutheran and Catholic
  princes
• Lutherans joined together in the Protestant Union
  in 1608
• Catholic princes formed the Catholic Leagued in
  1609
• Bohemian Protestants Revolt 1618, starting war
• Ferdinand II responds
• German Protestant princes took this as an
  opportunity to challenge Catholic emperor

24
Thirty Years War

• Hapsburg Triumphs
• First 12 years
• Hapsburg armies from Austria to Spain crushed the
  Protestant troops
• Put down Czech uprisings.
• Defeated German Protestants

25
Thirty Years War

• Hapsburg Defeats
• Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden shifted the tide of
  war in 1630
• Drove Hapsburg armies out of northern Germany.
• Cardinal Richelieu and Cardinal Mazarin of France
  dominate remaining years of war.

26
Thirty Years War

• Peace of Westphalia
• War did great damage to Germany
• Both trade and agriculture were disrupted
• Treaty (1648) had these important consequences
• Weakened the Hapsburg state of Spain and Austria
• Strengthened France
• Made German princes independent of the Holy Roman
  emperor
• Ended religious wars in Europe
• Introduced a new method of peace negotiation

27
(No Transcript)
28
Austria Grows Stronger

• Hapsburgs of Austria became absolute monarchs
• 1711, Charles VI became Hapsburg ruler
• Pragmatic Sanction
• Maria Theresa

29
Prussia Challenges Austria

• The Rise of Prussia
• 1640 Frederick William inherited the title of
  elector of Brandenburg
• Created the best standing army in Europe
• Introduced permanent taxation
• Bought the cooperation of those who opposed him
• Moved toward absolute monarchy

30
Prussia

• Frederick the Great
• Followed his fathers military policies when he
  came to power
• Encouraged religious toleration and legal reform

31
Two Important Conflicts

• War of the Austrian Succession
• Frederick the Great attacked Austria thought they
  were weak with Maria ruling
• Maria Theresa gets aid from Hungarian nobles and
  Great Britain
• France allies with Prussia
• Maria Theresa stopped Prussian aggression
• Prussia became a major European power with the
  acquisition.

32
Two Important Conflicts

• The Seven Years War
• Change in alliances
• Maria Theresa allies with French kings
• Frederick allies with Britain
• 1756 Frederick attacked Saxony, an Austrian
  ally
• War fought in Europe, India, and North America
• Did not change the territorial situation in
  Europe
• British emerged as real victors in the Seven
  Years War
• France lost its colonies in North America, and
  Britain gained the sole economic domination in
  India

33
Absolute Rulers of Russia

• The First Czar
• Ivan IV (The Good Years)
• Seized power and crowned himself czar.
• Won great victories
• Added lands to Russia
• Gave Russia a code of laws
• Rule by Terror (Ivan the Terrible)
• Turned against the boyars
• Organized his own police force
• Using the secret police executed many boyars,
  their families, and the peasants who worked their
  land

34
Russia

• Rise of the Romanovs
• Ivans son incapable of ruling
• Times of Troubles
• 1613 representatives from many Russian cities
  met to choose the next czar
• Chose Michael Romanov (grandnephew of Ivan the
  Terrible)
• Thus began the Romanov dynasty which ruled Russia
  for 300 years

35
Russia

• Romanovs restore order to Russia
• Strengthened government
• Paved the way of the absolute rule of Czar Peter
  I
• 1696 Peter became sole ruler of Russia
• Brought the Russian Orthodox Church under state
  control
• Reduced the power of great landowners
• Modernized army

36
Russia

• Westernizing Russia
• Introduced potatoes
• Started Russias first newspaper and edited its
  first issue himself
• Raised womens status
• Ordered the nobles to give up their traditional
  clothes for Western fashions
• Advanced education
• Established St. Petersburg
• Window on Europe

37
English Monarchy

• James I
• Became king of England in 1603
• Inherited Elizabeths problems
• Fought with Parliament over money
• Agreed to a new translation of the Bible
• Refused to make Puritan reforms

38
English Monarchy

• Charles I
• Took throne in 1625
• Always needed money
• Always at war with Spain and France
• 1628 forced to call Parliament
• Signed Petition of Right. He agreed to four
  points
• He would not imprison subjects without due cause
• He would not levy taxes without Parliaments
  consent
• He would not house soldiers in private homes
• He would impose martial law in peacetime.
• 1629 dissolved Parliament and refused to call
  it back into session

39
English Civil War

• Wanted both of his kingdoms to follow one
  religion
• 1637 Act of Uniformity
• The Scots rebelled
• Called Parliament into session
• 1641 Parliament passed laws to limit royal
  power
• Charles tried to arrest Parliaments leader in
  January 1642, but they escaped
• 1642-1649 Civil War breaks out
• Royalists (supported the King)
• Roundheads (supported Parliament)
• 1644 Oliver Cromwell emerges (Puritan Roundhead)

40
English Civil War

• Cromwell
• 1645 Cromwells New Found Army began defeating
  the Royalists
• Captured king, held him prisoner, and sentenced
  him to death
• Cromwells Rule
• Abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords
• Established a commonwealth.
• Drafted a constitution
• Eventually, he became a military dictator
• Sought to reform society
• Promoted Puritan morality
• Favored religious toleration for all Christians
  except Catholics
• Dies in 1658

41
English Monarchy

• Restoration
• 1659 Parliament voted to ask the older son of
  Charles I to rule England
• Charles II Reigns
• Restored monarchy
• Parliament passes habeas corpus
• A monarch could not put someone in jail simply
  for opposing the ruler
• Also, prisoners could not be held indefinitely
  without trials

42
English Monarchy

• James II
• 1685 becomes king
• Catholic
• Appointed several Catholics to high office
• Parliament protests, James dissolves it
• Parliament begins to worry about who the next
  ruler will be
• 1688, Jamess wife gives birth to a son
• Had a daughter who was Protestant
• Parliament invite William and Mary to overthrow
  James for the sake of Protestantism
• Glorious Revolution
• 1688, William arrives in London
• James flees to France
• Bloodless overthrow

43
Limits of Monarchs Power

• William and Mary crowned king and queen.
• Recognized Parliament as their partner in
  governing
• England becomes a constitutional monarchy
• Pass Bill of Rights
• States a ruler cannot
• Suspend laws of Parliament
• Levy taxes without a specific grant from
  Parliament
• Interfere with freedom of speech in Parliament
• Penalty for a citizen who petitions the king of
  grievances
• Cabinet System Develops
• Overtime, the cabinet became the center of power
  and policymaking

44
Spain France
Type of government Absolute Monarchy king or queen who have complete (absolute) power. Absolute Monarchy king or queen who have complete (absolute) power.
Leaders Phillip II Henry IV Louis XIII Louis XIV
Strengths Brought power and wealth to Spain (i.e. colonies) Made France the most powerful European nation
Weaknesses Inflation Taxation Spanish Armada Debt Palace of Versailles Spanish Succession Taxation
45
England Austria/Prussia
Type of government Absolute Monarchy but later becomes a Constitutional Monarchy where laws (Bill of Rights) limits power Absolute Monarchy king or queen who have complete (absolute) power.
Leaders James I Charles I Charles II James II William and Mary Charles VI (Austria) Maria Theresa (Austria) Frederick the Great (Prussia)
Strengths Bill of Rights Reforms Religious toleration Education Proved to be powerful European empires
Weaknesses Debt Civil War Absolute monarchy turns into a constitutional monarchy Thirty Years War War of Austrian Succession Seven Years War
46
Russia
Type of government Absolute Monarchy king or queen who have complete (absolute) power.
Leaders Ivan IV Peter the Great
Strengths Expanded Russias borders Code of laws Modernization
Weaknesses Taxation Police state
47
The Ottoman Empire

• Suleyman I (son)
• Brought it to its greatest size
• Conquered parts of southeastern
  Europe..Janisarries
• Won control of the Mediterranean Sea
• Revised laws within his empire
• Creative time period much like renaissance
• After his rule, the empire remained, but
  experienced a decline

48
Ottoman Expansion
49
(No Transcript)
50
Safavid Empire

• Shah AbbasShiite Muslim
• Reformed his army(2 armies/artillery)
• Removed corrupt government officials
• Golden Age-religious toleration, industry
  grew(Persian Rugs)
• City of Esfahan
• Empire declined after his death(same mistake as
  Sulyeman made)

51
(No Transcript)
52
Mughal Empire in India

• After Gupta Empire (remember), Huns and Mongols
  controlled this region. Then fighting between
  the Hindus and Muslims
• Babur-1494
• North India
• Great military leader
• Expanded the empire
• Akbar-13 when takes power-grandson of Babur
• Even as a Muslim, he was accepting of other
  religions
• Ruled very fairly
• Ended a tax against his people regardless of
  their faith
• Successful military leader
• Great achievements in art, education, language,
  archeicture
• Shah Jahan-grandson of Akbar.killed rivals
• Built Taj Mahal

53
Tokugawa Ieyasu

• Japanese military leader and statesman
• Founder of the Tokugawa dynasty of shoguns
• United Japan(alternative attendance policy)
• Worked hard to restore stability to Japan and
  encouraged foreign trade