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Title: Homework:


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Homework
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New Mass Democracy
  • By the 1824 presidential election, the political
    landscape of America had changed
  • Federalists had disappeared
  • Sectional issues divided the Republicans
  • New forms of politicking emerged parades,
    political buttons, baby kissing, BBQs
  • Voter turnout was on the rise

3
Political Democratization
  • Universal White Manhood Suffrage
  • Private, written ballot
  • Party nominating caucuses
  • Electors go by popular vote

4
A One-Party Election
  • Unlike previous elections, the 1824 election
    comprised of five men who all claimed to be
    Republicans
  • Henry Clay of Kentucky
  • John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts
  • William Crawford of Georgia
  • Andrew Jackson of Tennessee
  • John C. Calhoun of South Carolina
  • Calhoun dropped out and opted for the unopposed
    Vice Presidency. Jackson won the popular vote,
    but failed to get the majority of the electoral
    vote.

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Clay Chooses the President
  • As directed in the 12th Amendment, the House of
    Representatives had to choose the winner from the
    top three candidates. This led to Henry Clays
    elimination, however, he was still the acting
    Speaker of the House, and could influence votes.
    Crawford suddenly became paralyzed from a stroke.
    Jackson was Clays rival in the West and the two
    detested one another. Adams supported Clays
    American system.

7
The Corrupt Bargain
  • Shortly before the casting of the ballots, Clay
    met privately with Adams and assured him support.
    Adams was elected president and he nominated Clay
    as his Secretary of State. Jacksonians believed
    that an illegal bargain had been struck.

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A President Against the Wall
  • From the election, John Quincy Adams was
    fighting up hill
  • Jackson began campaigning the day after the House
    election on the platform of corruption and
    patronage.
  • Fewer than one-third of the people actually had
    voted for him.
  • He demanded respect rather than courting
    popularity.
  • He removed very few of his political adversaries
    from office.
  • Adams took a national view of leadership, which
    alienated him from the growing sectional
    conflicts.

10
Old Hickory For Office
  • In 1828, Jackson ran against Adams who was going
    for his second term
  • Adams supporters called themselves National
    Republicans.
  • Jackson supporters called themselves
    Democratic-Republicans. (Martin Van Buren)
  • Jackson had the support of the West and the
    South. Adams had the support of the Northeast.
  • Mudslinging reached a new low.
  • Jackson won the election.

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Changing the Culture of DC
  • Jackson was the second president not to have a
    college education.
  • He was considered more of a frontiersman than a
    gentleman.
  • Hickoryites filled the streets of Washington to
    watch Jackson take the oath of office.
  • More uncouth than cultured, Jackson took his
    western style of enforcement to the presidency.
  • He was a Jeffersonian Democrat, looking at the
    powers of Congress narrowly and vetoing 12 bills
    he dubbed unconstitutional, which was more than
    all six preceding presidents.

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Rotation in Office
  • To make it possible for a maximum number of
    supporters to hold office, Jackson would limit a
    persons tenure in office to just one term and
    appoint some other deserving supporter in his
    place. Jacksonians contempt for experts believed
    that ordinary Americans were capable of holding
    any government office. Both the spoils system and
    the rotation of officeholders affirmed the
    democratic ideal that one man was a good as
    another. They also helped build a strong-two
    party system.

15
Spoils System
  • Also know as patronage, this was the system in
    which supporters of a candidate receive political
    favors upon that candidates election. Not
    unheard of in America, but put in on a large
    scale by Jackson.

16
Maysville Road Veto
  • On May 27, 1830 President Jackson vetoed a bill
    which would allow the Federal government to
    purchase stock in the Maysville, Washington,
    Paris, and Lexington Turnpike Road Company, which
    had been organized to construct a road linking
    Lexington and the Ohio River. The entirety of the
    road would have been in the state of Kentucky.
    Congress passed a bill in 1830 providing federal
    funds to complete the project. Jackson vetoed the
    bill on the grounds that federal funding of
    intrastate projects of this nature was
    unconstitutional.

17
Sectional Tariff of 1824
  • After having enacted the first true protective
    tariff in 1816, Congress continued the
    progression in 1824 by raising rates (over 30 on
    average) and by including such products as glass,
    lead, iron and wool in the protected category.

18
Issues Over the Tariff
  • The Tariff of 1816 eight years before had passed
    into law upon a wave of nationalism that followed
    the War of 1812. But by 1824, this nationalism
    was transforming into strong sectionalism.
    Northern and Western representatives joined
    together in passing the tariff, turning a deaf
    ear to complaints from the South. Cotton growers
    sold heavily to Britain and other European
    nations, and justifiably feared tariff
    retaliation. Northern manufacturers and Western
    farmers produced largely for the domestic market
    and were more immune from foreign tariff
    discrimination than Southern growers.

19
Tariff of Abominations
  • This was a high tariff, passed in 1828 as a
    Jacksonian tactic against Adams. The Old
    southern states hated the tariffs, which they
    considered an unequal tax. They also believed
    that the tariff was the beginning of federal
    encroachments on states rights.

20
Encroachments on States Rights
  • The Old South was falling on hard times and the
    tariff was a convenient scapegoat
  • With federal interference on the tariff, slavery
    could be next.
  • Slavery anxiety caused by
  • Missouri Compromise, 1820
  • Denmark Vesey slave revolt, 1822
  • Abolition in Britain bringing pressure on the
    West Indies
  • Nat Turners Rebellion, 1831
  • William Lloyd Garrisons The Liberator

21
John C. Calhoun
  • A former War Hawk Congressman from South
    Carolina and Jacksons Vice President. After the
    War of 1812, Calhoun staunchly supported the
    American System, however, he believed that the
    outcome of the 1824 presidential election
    demonstrated that control of the federal
    government was subject to manipulation by Adams
    and Clay. Calhoun resolved to thwart Adams and
    Clay's nationalist program. He saw the protective
    tariff as a device that benefited the North at
    the expense of the South, which relied on foreign
    manufactured goods and open foreign markets for
    its cotton. A program of turnpikes built at
    federal expense, which Clay advocated, would
    burden the South with taxes without bringing it
    substantial benefits.

22
The South Carolina Exposition and Protest
  • Published in 1828 by the South Carolina
    legislature, and written by Calhoun, but kept
    anonymously, the document denounced the recent
    tariff as unjust and unconstitutional. It bluntly
    proposed that the states should nullify the
    tariff.

23
Peggy Eaton Affair
  • The champion of the common man also went to the
    aid of the common woman, at least for Peggy
    ONeale Eaton. The wife of Jacksons Secretary of
    War, she was the target of malicious gossip by
    the other cabinet wives of being an adulteress,
    much like Jacksons late wife. When Jackson tried
    to force the cabinet wives to accept Peggy Eaton
    socially, most of the cabinet resigned. This
    controversy along with future disputes will also
    contribute to the resignation of Jacksons vice
    president, John C. Calhoun.

24
The Nullification Crisis
  • A lower tariff was passed in 1832, however,
    nullies in South Carolina convinced the states
    legislature to nullify the law. South Carolina
    even threatened to secede if federal officials
    tried to collect the tariff. Jackson was not a
    supporter of the tariff, but he was a staunch
    unionist and threatened South Carolina with
    invasion.

25
Compromise of 1833
  • Compromise Tariff of 1833 - A tariff proposal
    created by Henry Clay. It was a tariff that would
    gradually reduce by 10 in eight years. The bill
    barely passed in Congress.
  • Force Bill This law was enacted to allow the
    president to use the army and navy, if necessary,
    to collect federal tariff duties. This was in
    hope to prevent further insurrection by the
    states.

26
The Bank War
  • Jackson did believe in banking and business, he
    just hated the BUS for its above authority"
    persona and the businesses who were growing rich
    off of the banks loans. Henry Clay tried to use
    this hatred of the Bank to his advantage asking
    for a renewal of the BUSs charter in the
    upcoming presidential election year of 1832. He
    underestimated Jacksons supporters.

27
The Election of 1832
  • Believing that the veto of the BUSs charter
    weakened Jackson, Henry Clay opposed him for
    president as a National Republican
  • For the first time a third party entered the
    fray, the Anti-Masonic Party. These people
    opposed the secrecy and influence of the Masons
    and considered them a society of the privileged.
  • Despite having impressive advantages campaigning,
    Clay and supporters vastly underestimated the
    power Jackson had with the masses. Jackson won
    the presidency overwhelmingly.

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Burying the BUS
  • After Jackson won the 1832 election, he believed
    that the voters had called on him to end the
    power of the BUS. He did by withdrawing all
    federal funds in the bank, and went through a few
    Secretary of Treasuries to do it. He then
    deposited the money in pet banks who were loyal
    to him. The BUS eventually went bankrupt in
    during the Panic of 1837.

31
Pet Banks
  • The popular term for pro-Jackson state banks
    that received the bulk of federal deposits during
    Jacksons war with the BUS. Without control of a
    central bank, andwith the passing of the Deposit
    Act, these pet banks and the smaller wildcat
    banks began printing money indiscriminately. Over
    night this paper money inflated, and ultimately
    became worthless.

32
Specie Circular
  • With the wildcat currency becoming increasingly
    unreliable, Jackson made this decree to the
    Treasury Department. It required all public lands
    to be purchased with hard, or metallic, money.
    This drastic step slowed down the speculation
    boom of the western banks, but instigated a
    future economic recession.

33
Locofocos
  • A faction of the Democratic Party hat existed
    from 1835 until the mid-1840s. The faction was
    originally named the Equal Rights Party and was
    created in New York City as a protest against
    that citys regular Democratic organization. They
    were vigorous advocates of laissez-faire and
    opponents of monopolies. They were for free
    trade, greater circulation of specie, legal
    protections of labor unions, and against paper
    money, finacial speculation, and state banks.

34
Whig Party
  • Formed between 1828 and 1834, this party amassed
    the opponents of Jackson into a rival party of
    the Democrats. They called for the American
    System, public education, reforms in prisons and
    asylums, a market economy, and pushed against
    anti-protestants and elites

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Van Buren Becomes President
  • By the end of his second term, Jackson was
    nearing seventy and toyed with the idea of
    running for a third. Instead he hand-picked his
    successor nominating Martin Van Buren, Jacksons
    former Secretary of State and present Vice
    President. The Whigs were far from organized and
    nominated a group of men, hoping for another
    House selection. Van Buren squeaked out a
    victory.

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No Magic For the Magician
  • From the beginning, Van Burens presidency was
    doomed
  • Resentment from fellow Democrats
  • Inherited Jacksons vengeful enemies
  • Rebellion in Canada (Caroline Incident)
  • Annexation of Texas and the slavery issue
  • Panic of 1837
  • Independent Treasury Bill (Divorce Bill)

40
Tippecanoe and Tyler Too
  • In 1840, the Democrats nominated Van Buren
    despite his unsuccessful presidential term. The
    Whigs learned from their mistakes and nominated
    William Henry Harrison. Just like the Democrats
    did with Jackson, the Whigs portrayed Harrison as
    a backwoods, frontier American and labeled Van
    Buren as an elitist. Harrison won the election.

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Changes in Politics
  • The election of 1840 demonstrated two major
    changes in American politics since the Era of
    Good Feelings
  • The triumph of the populist democratic system and
    the fall the elite
  • The formation of a permanent and durable
    two-party system

46
Second Great Awakening
  • This event was a religious revival characterized
    by emotional mass camp meetings and widespread
    conversion. The event brought about
    democratization of religion as numerous
    denominations vied for membership and pushed
    Americans toward various social reform movements.

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Outcomes of the Awakening
  • New evangelical leaders like Peter Cartwright and
    Charles Grandison Finney (Seek out sin, or
    Theological Perfectionism)
  • Promoted social and moral order on the frontier
  • Feminization of religion and reform
  • Fragmentation of religious faiths (Burned-Over
    District, Millerites or Adventists)
  • Widened the lines between classes and regions

49
Unitarians
  • Inspired by Deism, this belief first caught on in
    New England at the end of the 18th century. They
    believed in a unitary, or one, deity not the
    Trinity, rejected the divinity of Christ, and
    emphasized the inherent goodness of mankind.
    They proclaimed a belief in free will, salvation
    through good deeds, a benevolent God. The
    movement mostly inspired intellectuals whose
    rationalism and optimism contrasted sharply with
    Calvinism.

50
Mormons
  • Religious followers of Joseph Smith, who founded
    a religious, oligarchic religious order in the
    1830s and were officially known as the Church of
    Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Facing deep
    hostility from their non-Mormon neighbors, they
    eventually migrated west and established a
    flourishing settlement in the Utah desert.

51
Shakers
  • Founded by Mother Ann Lee, who depicted herself
    as the Daughter of God, this group practiced
    celibacy and Christian socialism to promote
    religious perfection. Congregation relied on
    converts and adoption to replenish the ranks.

52
Reform Movements
  • The Second Great Awakening inspired countless
    people to improve society
  • Temperance
  • Anti-War Crusade
  • Education Reform
  • Abolition
  • Womens Rights
  • Prison and Punishment Reform
  • Utopian Societies

53
Temperance Movement
  • American Temperance Society (Boston 1826) Cold
    Water Army
  • Washington Societies
  • T.S. Arthurs Ten Nights in a Barroom and What I
    Saw There (1854) Story of a once happy village
    ruined by Sam Slades Tavern
  • Maine Law of 1851 Prohibited the manufacture
    and sale of alcohol. A dozen other states
    followed, but repealed the law within the decade
    because of ineffectiveness.

54
Anti-War Crusade
  • In 1828, the American Peace Society was formed
    which officially declared war on war. Leader
    William Ladd gave riveting speeches on ending war
    and promoted global cooperation. His society and
    it European counterpart saw promising results
    until the outbreak of the Crimean War in Europe
    and the American Civil War

55
Early Schools
  • One room schoolhouse, one teacher, eight grades
  • Curriculum three-Rs of education (reading,
    writing, arithmetic)
  • Schoolteachers were mainly men, ill-paid,
    ill-trained, and ill-tempered.
  • Schools only stayed open for a few months of the
    year and many students did not stay full length.

56
Horace Mann
  • A brilliant and idealistic graduate of Brown
    University, he became the secretary of the
    Massachusetts Board of Education. He campaigned
    effectively for more and better schoolhouses,
    longer school terms, higher pay for teachers, and
    an expanded curriculum. His influence changed the
    focus of education and influenced other states.

57
Education for the Disabled
  • Two reformers founded special institutions to
    help people with physical disabilities. Thomas
    Gallaudet founded a school in Connecticut in 1817
    for the deaf. Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe founded a
    school for the blind in 1839 called the Perkins
    Institution and Massachusetts School for the
    Blind.

58
Abolition
  • American Colonization Society (1816)
  • David Walker, Appeal to the Colored Citizens of
    the World
  • William Lloyd Garrison, The Liberator, and the
    American Antislavery Society
  • Frederick Douglass and The North Star
  • Moderate v. Radical Abolitionists
  • Theodore Dwight Weld
  • Angelina and Sarah Grimke
  • Sojourner Truth
  • James E. Birney and the Liberty Party
  • Gag Rule, freedom of expression, and
    Constitutional petition

59
19th Century Womanhood
  • A womans place was in the home, subordinate to
    her husband
  • They could not vote and could be legally beaten
    by husbands
  • If married, women had no legal rights to
    property.
  • 10 of women did not marry.
  • Women were thought to be physically and
    emotionally weak, but also artistic and refined.
  • Keepers of societys conscience.

60
Early Female Activists
  • Margaret Fuller (Woman in the Nineteenth Century)
  • Sarah and Angelina Grimke
  • Lucy Stone
  • Amelia Bloomer
  • Lucretia Mott
  • Elizabeth Cady Stanton
  • Susan B. Anthony
  • Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell

61
Seneca Falls Convention
  • Also known as the Womens Rights Convention, this
    was a gathering of feminist activists, in 1848,
    where Elizabeth Cady Stanton read her
    Declaration of Sentiments, stating that all
    men and women are created equal. The primary
    right the women demanded was suffrage. This event
    ignited the Womens Rights Movement.

62
Prison And Punishment Reform
  • State legislatures gradually abolished debtors
    prisons as more white males gained the right to
    vote
  • Criminal codes were softened, capital offenses
    were reduced, and brutal punishments, like
    branding and whippings, were eliminated
  • Dorothea Dix pursued prison reform and better
    treatment for the mentally ill
  • Penitentiaries, Almshouses and Workhouses, and
    Insane Asylums

63
Utopian Societies
  • Various communal experiments, mostly on the small
    scale, had been attempted, but in competition
    with democratic free enterprise, all failed or
    changed their methods
  • New Harmony
  • Brook Farm
  • Oneida Community
  • Fourier Phalanxes
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