5 Kingdom System vs. 3 Domain System

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5 Kingdom System vs. 3 Domain System

• Previously the
• diversity of life was
• classified based on 5
• kingdoms

• Monera (prokaryotes)
• Protists (simple eukaryotes)
• Plants (autotrophic eukaryotes)
• Fungus (heterotrophs who act as decomposers)
• Animals (heterotrophs who consume their food)

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5 Kingdom System vs. 3 Domain System

• Because of evolutionary analysis, most scientists
  have adopted a 3 domain classification system
  over the 5 kingdom system.

Monera is now divided between the Domains
Bacteria and Archaea. Protists, plants, fungi,
and animals are in the Domain Eukarya.
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Lets Review Prokaryotes

• Structure unicellular with no nucleus, no
  membrane bound organelle
• - cell wall with or without peptidoglycan
• -can have flagella made of flagellin (not
  microtubules like in eukaryotes)
• - common shapes include round, rod or spiral
  shaped
• Heredity Material circular DNA chromosome
  supplemented with plasmids
• Reproduction asexual by binary fission

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Lets Review Prokaryotes

• Nutrition (How They Obtain their Organic
  Compounds)
• Photoautotrophs- manufacture organic compounds
  using light
• Chemoautotrophs- manufacture organic compounds
  using inorganic chemicals (NH3, H2S)
• Heterotrophs- consume organic compounds
• Some may be parasites (feed on living organisms)
• Some may be saprobes or saprophytes (feed on
  decaying matter)
• Survival With or Without Oxygen
• Obligate Aerobes (require O2)
• Facultative Aerobes (will use O2 if available)
• Obligate Anaerobes (require no O2)

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Domain Bacteria or Eubacteria

• The majority of bacteria that people come in
  contact with such as pathogenic bacteria or the
  bacteria in yogurt
• Categorized by their modes of nutrition, shape,
  and motility

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Some Examples of Bacteria
Anthrax is a bacteria that will produce
endospores when stressed. The endospores are hard
shells that surround a copy of the DNA. The
bacteria disintigrates and leaves behind the
spore. The spore has to be heated to 121 degrees
Celsius in order to be killed.
Cyanobacteria are the only photoautotrophic
prokaryotes. They were formally called
blue-green algae but that nomenclature has been
abandoned because algae are eukaryotes.
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Some Examples of Bacteria

• Bacteria can convert or fix nitrogen gas which
  cant be used by plants into ammonia that can be
  used by plants. The plants then convert the
  nitrogen into amino acids and other organic
  compounds.

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Domain Archaea or Archaebacteria

• Share traits with both bacteria and eukarya
• extremophiles- live in extreme conditions
• 3 Most Common Types

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Domain Archaea

• 1) Methanogens- anaerobic heterotrophic bacteria
  that make methane
• Found in sewage treatment facilities, the guts of
  ruminants such as cattle, hot springs

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Domain Archaea

• 2) Extreme Halophiles- salt lovers
• Found in salt lakes and salted food

Commercial Salt Ponds
Great Salt Lake
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Domain Archaea

• 3) Extreme Thermophiles- heat lovers
• Found in hot springs and volcanic vents

Grand Prismatic Springs at Yellowstone
Deep Ocean Vents
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Domain EukaryaKingdom Protista

• Diverse group of organisms that were lumped
  together into a kingdom because they didnt fit
  into the other kingdoms
• Can be multicellular or unicellular
• Can be plant-like, fungus-like, or animal like

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Protists

• Kingdom Protista is not based on evolutionary
  relationships
• It is now not accepted because we now know that
  some protists are more closely related to plants
  and animals than other protists

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Domain EukaryaKingdom Protista
Plant-like
Animal-like
Fungus-like
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Fungus-Like Protists

• They form filaments or make spores, like fungi.

Water Mold on a Dead Fruit Fly
Slime Mold Closely related to Fungi
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Protozoa Animal-Like Protists

• Heterotrophs that feed on other organisms (dead
  or alive)

Paramecium
Amoeba
Trypanosoma causes sleeping sickness.
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Protozoa Example Malaria Parasite
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Plant-like Protists

• Carry out photosynthesis

Dinoflagellates
Diatoms
Euglena
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Plant-like ProtistsThree Types of Algae
Giant Kelp
Nori
2) Phaeophyta or Brown Algae
1) Rhodophyta or Red Algae
Sea Palm
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Plant-like ProtistsThree Types of Algae

• 3) Chlorophyta or Green Algae
• It is believed that green algae and land plants
  share a common ancestor.
• Use chlorophyll a and b, have cellulose in their
  cell walls, and store sugars in the form of
  starch, all like plants.

Volvox
Ulva
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