Introduction to Anatomy

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Introduction to Anatomy Physiology
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• Anatomy
• Structural organization of living things
• Physiology
• Basic processes that occur in the human body

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Anatomical Position

• Upright, standing position
• Face feet pointing forward
• Arms at side
• Palms facing forward (supinated)
• Why do we care?

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Universal starting point from which to describe
anatomical features and positions Consistency of
description - ability to communicate with each
other structures will always be described as
they are to the subject rather
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Anatomical Terms of Location

• Anterior/Posterior
• Superior/Inferior
• Proximal/Distal
• Medial/Lateral
• Superficial/Deep
• Refers to a part of the body in relation to
  another

Pg. 6 in textbook
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TERM MEANING EXAMPLE
Anterior Towards the front of the body The knee cap is on the anterior side of the leg
Posterior Towards the back of the body The shoulder blades are posterior to the ribs
Superior Towards the head The heart is superior to the stomach
Inferior Towards the feet The chest is inferior to the neck
Medial Towards the midline of the body The big toe is medial to the 5th toe
Lateral Away from the midline of the body The thumb is on the lateral side of the hand
Proximal Closer to the trunk or point of origin The hip is proximal to the knee
Distal Further from the trunk or point of origin The wrist is distal to the elbow
Superficial Closer to the surface of the body Skin is superficial to the muscle
Deep Further from the surface The lungs are deep to the ribs
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• Examples
• The nose is ____________ to the ears.
• The fingernails are ____________ to the skin.
• The pinky is __________ to the thumb.

ANTERIOR
SUPERFICIAL
MEDIAL
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Anatomical Planes
Relate to positions in space and are at right
angles to one another
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• 1. Frontal (coronal) plane
• Divides body into front back segments
• 2. Transverse (horizontal) plane
• Divides body into upper lower segments
• 3. Sagittal (median) plane
• Divides body into right left segments

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Anatomical Axes
An axis is a straight line around which an object
rotate Movement at the joint take place in a
plane about an axis
Horizontal Longitudinal
Antero-posterior
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• 1. Horizontal axis
• East-west in relationship to anatomical position
• 2. Longitudinal axis
• North-south in relationship to anatomical
  position
• 3. Antero-posterior axis
• Front to back in relationship to anatomical
  position

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Describing Position Movement

• A body movement can be described in terms of the
  anatomical plane through which it occurs and the
  anatomical axis around which it rotate
• RULE
• The axis of rotation is perpendicular to the
  plane of movement

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Longitudinal
Sagittal Plane
Frontal Plane
Antero-Posterior
Horizontal
Transverse Plane
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Axis of Rotation Plane of Motion Example
Horizontal
Longitudinal
Antero-posterior
Walking Squatting Cycling
Sagittal
Transverse
Twist Pirouette
Jumping Jacks Side Bend
Frontal
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Types of Body Movement

• Retraction/Protraction
• Abduction/Adduction
• Flexion/Extension
• Pronation/Supination
• Dorsiflexion/Plantar Flexion
• Depression/Elevation
• Reposition/Opposition
• Inversion/Eversion
• External Rotation/Internal Rotation
• Circumduction

pg. 4-5 in textbook
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External Rotation
Internal Rotation
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Thumb Reposition
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Movements in Anatomical Planes

• What types of movement occur on these planes?
• Sagittal Plane
• Frontal Plane
• Transverse Plane