The Central Nervous System

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The Central Nervous System

• Chapter 12

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Embryonic Development
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Embryonic Development
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Embryonic Development
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Ventricles of the Brain
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Cerebral Hemispheres
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Cerebral Cortex
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Cerebral cortex--Motor

• Primary motor cortex
• Coordinates controls movement
• Premotor cortex
• Controls learned, repetitive movement
• Plans movement
• Brocas area
• Language, speech
• Frontal eye field
• Voluntary eye movement

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Cerebral Cortex--Sensory

• Primary somatosensory
• Interprets sensation from body
• Somatosensory association
• Integrate sensory input
• Visual (Primary, Association)
• Auditory (Primary, Association)
• Olfactory
• Gustatory
• Visceral
• Vestibular

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Cerebral Cortex Motor and Sensory Areas
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Cerebral Cortex--Multimodal

• Anterior association area
• Complex learning, recall, personality, memory,
  abstract thinking
• Posterior association
• Pattern facial recognition
• Awareness of local space
• Some language
• Limbic association
• Emotional impact
• Danger

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Cerebral Cortex
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White Matter of the Cerebrum

• Myelinated neurons
• Transmit signals to, through, and from the brain

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White Matter of the Cerebrum
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Basal Nuclei

• Important in movement start, stop, intensity
• Inhibit unnecessary movements
• Parkinsons disease

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Diencephalon
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Diencephalon

• Thalamus
• Coordinate almost all inputs into brain
• Key role in sensation, motor activities, arousal,
  learning, memory
• Hypothalamus
• Autonomic control center
• Emotional response
• Body temperature
• Food intake
• Water balance thirst
• Sleep-wake cycle
• Endocrine system

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Ventral View of the Brain
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Brain Stem
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Cerebellum
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Limbic System
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Meninges
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Cerebrospinal Fluid
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Location and Circulation of CSF
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Spinal Cord Anatomy
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Spinal Cord Anatomy
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Spinal Cord Anatomy
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Ascending and Descending Tracts
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CNS Physiology

• Brain Wave Patterns
• Consciousness
• Sleep and Sleep-Awake Cycles
• Memory

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Brain Wave Patterns
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Consciousness

• Alertness
• Drowsiness or lethargy
• Stupor
• Coma

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Sleep and Sleep-Awake Cycles
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Memory

• Storage and retrieval of information
• Two distinct stages of memory
• Short-term memory (STM)
• Long-term memory (LTM)
• Factors affecting transfer from STM to LTM

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Memory Processing
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Homeostatic Imbalances of the CNS

• Meningitis
• Encephalitis
• Poliomyelitis
• Hydrocephalus
• Microencephaly
• Anencephaly
• Spina bifida
• Alzheimers Disease
• Parkinsons Disease
• Huntingtons Disease

• Epileptic Seizure
• Fainting (syncope)
• Concussion
• Coma
• CVA
• Paralysis
• Cerebral palsy
• Amnesia
• Narcolepsy
• Insomnia
• Sleep apnea

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Hydrocephalus
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Spina Bifida