Biology 1308, Chapter 11

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Biology 1308, Chapter 11 Part 1

• Chapter 11 is the introduction to Anatomy and
  Physiology with a Human emphasis necessary to
  pass the assessment test
• Human Organization of the body Tissues, Organs,
  Organ Systems, Organism
• We will start with Tissues
• A tissue is composed of similarly specialized
  cells that perform a common function in the body.

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11.1 Types of Tissues

• Four Types of Tissues in the Human Body
• Epithelial lines body surfaces and cavities
• Connective supports and bonds body parts
• Muscular moves the body and its parts
• Nervous receives stimuli and conducts impulses

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11.1 Types of Tissues

• Epithelial tissue protects underlying structures
  functions may also include
• Secretion (glands) (ex sweat, tears)
• Absorption water and digested food
• Excretion urine and other wastes
• Filtration kidney function

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11.1 Types of Tissues

• Epithelial Tissue can be Classified According to
  Cell Type
• Squamous Outer cells are flattened
• Cuboidal Outer cells are cubed shaped
• Columnar Outer cells are rectangular
• Epithelial Tissue can also be classified
  according to the number of layers in the tissue.
• Simple Single layer of cells
• Stratified Multiple cell layers

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Epithelial Tissue
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Junctions Between Epithelial Cells
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Cell Junctions

• Cells with tight junctions impermeable barrier,
  does not allow materials to flow in or out
  (epithelium of stomach lining keep acid in
  stomach and not into tissue)
• See Fig. 11.2 (a)
• Gap junctions membrane channels between cells
  allows materials fo flow from cell to cell like
  ions and sugars ( in heart muscle, cells can
  rhythmically contract) See Fig. 11.2(b)

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Cell Junctions

• Adhesion Junction Cells adhere to each other by
  filaments, like being spot welded together (spot
  weld is the desmossome)
• Hold cells tightly and provides strength to
  tissue (the filaments binding the cells at the
  plaque give much structural integrity)
• See fig. 11.2 (c)

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Junctions Between Epithelial Cells
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Oh Deer

• City Deer

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Biology 1308, Chapter 11

• Connective Tissue
• Binds organs together
• Provides support and protection
• Fills spaces
• Produces blood cells
• Stores fat

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Biology 1308, Chapter 11

• Components of Connective Tissue
• Matrix solid, semisolid, or liquid (non
  cellular material solid to jelly like
• Fibers
• White collagen (protein that stretches, elastic),
• Reticular (thin collagen fibers, delicate,
  spider-web like)
• Yellow elastic fibers, another protein, elastin,
  more elastic than collagen
• Cells various types (more later
• Figure 11.3, pg 201, know this picture

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Examples of Connective Tissue
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Biology 1308, Chapter 11

• Connective Tissue Continued
• Fibroblasts are cells that produce fibers and
  other substances.
• Loose fibrous tissue support epithelium and many
  internal organs.
• Dense connective tissue is found in structures
  such as tendons and ligaments.

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Biology 1308, Chapter 11

• Connective Tissue Continued
• Adipose Tissue
• Fibroblasts enlarge and store fat
• Fat is used for energy, insulation, and organ
  protection
• Reticular Connective Tissue
• Forms the meshwork of lymphatic tissue in
• The spleen
• The thymus
• Bone marrow

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Biology 1308, Chapter 11

• Connective Tissue Continued
• Cartilage
• Cells lie in small chambers called lacuna
• Three Types of Cartilage
• Hyaline contains very fine collagen fibers
  (nose, ends of bones, fetal skeleton, c rings of
  trachea
• Elastic has a higher proportion of elastic
  fibers, flexible
• (framework of outer ear)
• Fibrocartilage contains strong collagen fibers,
  (pads between vertebrae and knee joints)

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Biology 1308, Chapter 11

• Connective Tissue Continued
• Bone
• The most rigid connective tissue
• Consists of a matrix of calcium salts deposited
  around collagen
• Functions Support, protection, mineral storage,
  blood cell formation
• Two Types of Bone
• Compact bone (shafts of long bones)
• Spongy bone (end of long bones)

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Examples of Connective Tissue
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Biology 1308, Chapter 11

• Connective Tissue Continued
• Blood
• Transports respiratory gases (oxygen, carbon
  dioxide)
• Transports nutrients and wastes (glucose, urea)
• Involved with many aspects of homeostasis (ex.
  Temp.)
• Helps protect us from disease (phagocytes and
  antibodies)

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Biology 1308, Chapter 11

• Components of Blood
• Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes anucleate)
• Contain hemoglobin for transport of oxygen
• White Blood Cells (leukocytes nucleate)
• Fight infection
• Platelets
• Are cell fragments involved with blood clotting

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Blood
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Biology 1308, Chapter 11

• Muscular Tissue
• Muscle cells are called muscle fibers
• Muscles fibers contain actin and myosin filaments
• Interaction of actin and myosin accounts for
  movements
• Types of Muscle Tissues
• Skeletal
• Smooth (visceral)
• Cardiac

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Biology 1308, Chapter 11

• Skeletal Muscle
• Occurs in muscles attached to the skeleton
• Cells are striated and multinucleated
• Is voluntary
• Smooth Muscle
• Occurs in blood vessels and walls of the
  digestive tract
• Cells are spindle-shaped, each has a single
  nucleus
• Striations are not present
• Is involuntary
• Cardiac muscle
• Occurs in the wall of the heart
• Has branching, striated cells, each with a single
  nucleus
• Is involuntary

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Muscular Tissue
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Biology 1308, Chapter 11

• Nervous Tissue
• Neurons (nerve cells)
• Conduct impulses
• Sensory input, integration, motor output
• Neuron structure
• Dendrites
• Cell body
• Axon
• Neuroglia
• Support and nourish neurons
• Microglia phagocytic
• Astrocytes provide nutrients
• Oligodendroglia form myelin

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Neurons and Neuroglia
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Biology 1308, Chapter 11

• Body Cavities and Body Membranes Cavities
• Ventral Cavity- Divided by Diaphragm
• Thoracic cavity
• Lungs
• Heart
• Abdominal cavity
• Visceral organs
• Bladder
• Reproductive organs
• Dorsal Cavity
• Cranial cavity
• Brain
• Spinal cavity
• Spinal cord

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Mammalian Body Cavities
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Biology 1308, Chapter 11

• Body Membranes
• Mucous Membranes
• Line digestive, respiratory, urinary, and
  reproductive organs
• Epithelium overlies loose fibrous connective
  tissue
• Goblet cells-produce mucus
• Protective function
• Serous Membranes
• Line thoracic and abdominal cavities
• Epithelium overlies loose fibrous connective
  tissue
• Specific names according to location
• Pleural- lines thoracic cavity and lungs
• Pericardial-encloses heart
• Peritoneal- lines abdominal cavity and forms
  mesentery

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Biology 1308, Chapter 11

• Body Membranes Continued
• Synovial membranes
• Loose connective tissue
• Line freely movable joints
• Secrete synovial fluid
• Meninges
• Line the dorsal cavity
• Protect brain and spinal cord
• Connective tissue

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Biology 1308, Chapter 11 part 2

• I divided the presentations into 2 parts because
  it was too large a file

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Biology 1308, Chapter 11

• Organs are composed of many kinds of tissues and
  cells for organs (ex heart- cardiac muscle,
  neurons, connective tissue, fat, etc)
• Organ systems are groups of related organs
  working together (ex heart and blood vessels
  work together circulatory system)

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11.3 Organ Systems
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11.3 Organ Systems
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11.3 Organ Systems
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11.3 Organ Systems
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11.3 Organ Systems
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11.3 Organ Systems
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11.3 Organ Systems
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11.3 Organ Systems
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11.3 Organ Systems
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11.3 Organ Systems
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11.3 Organ Systems
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11.3 Organ Systems
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11.3 Organ Systems
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11.4 Integumentary System

• The Integumentary System
• Skin
• Hair
• Nails
• Sweat Glands
• Sebaceous Glands

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11.4 Integumentary System

• Functions of the Integumentary System
• Protects underlying tissues from trauma, pathogen
  invasion, and water loss
• Helps to regulate body temperature
• Synthesizes Vitamin D
• Helps us to be aware of our surroundings

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11.4 Integumentary System

• Regions of the Skin
• Epidermis
• Stratified squamous epithelium
• Basal layer produces new cells
• Cells harden and die as they push to the surface
• Keratin - hardens cells, waterproof
• Melanocytes - produce pigment

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11.4 Integumentary System

• Regions of the Skin
• Dermis
• Contains collagen fibers that help prevent
  tearing
• Contains elastic fibers that maintain tension
• Contains blood vessels that nourish the skin
• Contains sensory receptors for touch, pain,
  pressure, temperature

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11.4 Integumentary System

• Subcutaneous Layer
• Loose connective tissue
• Adipose tissue
• Insulation
• Energy storage

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Human Skin Anatomy
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11.4 Integumentary System

• Accessory Organs of the Skin
• Nails
• Protect digits
• Nail root- grows new nail
• Cuticle- protects nail root
• Lunula- white half-moon at base- thick layer of
  cells

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Nail Anatomy
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11.4 Integumentary System

• Accessory Organs of the Skin
• Hair Follicles
• Extend from dermis through epidermis
• Arrector pili muscles-erect hair shaft- goose
  bumps
• Epidermal cells in hair root form hair
• Cells become keratinized and die as they are
  pushed away from root
• Oil Glands
• Associated with hair follicles
• Lubricates hair and skin
• Sweat Glands
• Some open into hair follicles, others onto skin
• Thermoregulation

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11.5 Homeostasis

• Homeostasis is the relative constancy on the
  bodys internal environment.
• Even if external conditions change dramatically,
  internal conditions stay within a narrow range.

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11.5 Homeostasis

• Negative Feedback
• Primary mechanism that keeps a variable close to
  a set point.
• Two components (minimum)
• A sensor
• A control center

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Negative Feedback Mechanism
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Negative FeedbackA Mechanical Example
A Human Example
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11.5 Homeostasis

• Positive Feedback
• A change brings about a greater change in the
  same direction
• Example A fever brings about changes in the
  body that cause body temperature to increase even
  more (can be fatal)
• Beneficial examples include blood clotting and
  the birthing process

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11.5 Homeostasis

• Homeostasis and Body Systems
• The Transport Systems
• Cardiovascular system-pumps blood to and from
  capillaries for exchange
• RBCs- carry oxygen
• Platelets-clotting
• Lymphatics-collect excess tissue fluid / Purify
  Lymph
• The Maintenance Systems
• Respiratory system-brings in oxygen and removes
  carbon dioxide
• Digestive system-digests nutrients and removes
  wastes
• Liver- manufactures products, detoxifies
• Kidneys- fluid balance, pH regulation, waste
  removal

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Regulation of Tissue Fluid Composition
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11.5 Homeostasis

• Homeostasis and Body Systems Continued
• The Support Systems
• Integumentary system produces vitamin D
• Skeletal system stores minerals, produces blood
  cells
• Muscular system produces heat
• The Control Systems
• Nervous system and endocrine system function as
  control centers
• Direct effectors to become active
• Muscles
• Glands

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11.5 Homeostasis

• Disease
• Breakdown in self regulation
• Body no longer functions properly
• Local disease
• Restricted to one part of the body
• Systemic disease
• Affects entire body
• Acute disease
• Occur suddenly
• Usually short duration
• Chronic disease
• Long term, less severe
• Develop slowly