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The New Republic 1789-1816

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Title: The New Republic 1789-1816


1
The New Republic1789-1816
  • How did the United States build a government,
    expand its territory, and conduct foreign policy
    in its early years?

2
Government and Party PoliticsChapter 6, Section 1
  • How did debate over the role of government lead
    to the formation of political parties?

3
Sec 1 Government and Party Politics
Government and Party Politics
Building the Federal Government   Main Idea The
new government started out with enormous
problems, including a large national debt, a
small military, Spains efforts to keep trade
closed along the Mississippi River, and British
forts still maintained along the Great Lakes.
Important tasks for the new republic included
electing a president, and setting up the
judiciary and Cabinet. Hamiltons Plans Stir
Debate Main Idea As a Federalist, Hamilton
believed that a strong centralized government was
necessary to preserve the Union. However, as he
developed plans for paying off the new nations
great debts, his plans received fierce and
vocation opposition from Antifederalists.
Opposing Hamilton Main Idea Opposition to
Hamiltons plans grew steadily in the South,
where the states income from agriculture enabled
them to pay their share of the countrys debts.
A Two-Party System Emerges Main Idea The
federal government, headed by Washington and
Hamilton, sought to secure its power and
authority. Meanwhile the opposition, led by
Madison and Jefferson, grew stronger.


Continued
4
Sec 1 Government and Party Politics (cont)
Government and Party Politics (continued)
Witness History The First Inaugural Note
Taking Reading Skill Summarize Chart
Hamiltons Plan for Restructuring Debt Color
Transparencies The First President Political
Cartoons The Whiskey Rebellion Infographic
Political Parties Grow History Interactive
Political Parties Grow Progress Monitoring
Transparency
5
Note Taking Reading Skill Summarize
Reading Skill Summarize
NOTE TAKING
6
Problems Faced by the New Government
  • Huge war debt from the Revolutionary War
  • No permanent capital
  • No federal officers beyond Washington, John
    Adams, and the newly elected Congress

7
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8
First Inauguration
  • The oath of office was administered in New York
    City
  • George Washington repeated the oath of office of
    President
  • Inauguration official swearing-in ceremony
  • Cabinet leaders of the executive departments of
    the federal government

9
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10
President Washington
  • Administration staff in the executive branch
  • Precedent something done or said that becomes an
    example, rule, or tradition
  • Established a tone of dignity Washington
    believed that parties and pomp were necessary to
    command the respect of the world
  • Elected to second term in 1792
  • Tradition of being elected for only two terms

11
Leaders
  • President
  • George Washington
  • Vice President
  • John Adams

12
Transparency The First President
The First President
TRANSPARENCY
13
Setting Up the Judiciary
  • Constitution called for Supreme Court and smaller
    ones
  • Left details of organization to Congress
  • Judiciary Act of 1789 system of courts
  • Thirteen federal district courts
  • John Jay was first Chief Justice of the U.S.

14
Government Affairs
  • Foreign affairs relations with foreign
    countries the Secretary of State heads the State
    Department and coordinated U.S. involvement with
    foreign countries
  • Domestic affairs Issues relating to a countrys
    internal affairs

15
Cabinet
  • Cabinet officials selected by the President to
    head the major departments of the executive
    branch and to advise the President
  • Attorney General Edmund Randolph
  • Secretary of War Henry Knox
  • Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson
  • Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton

16
Thomas Jefferson
  • Planter, lawyer, and diplomat had served several
    years as ambassador to France
  • Writer, inventor, and violinist
  • Founded the University of Virginia

17
Alexander Hamilton
  • Brilliant man
  • Private secretary to General Washington
  • Believed that governmental power could accomplish
    great things

18
Hamilton and Jefferson Debate
  • Hamilton and Jefferson in Conflict
  • Hamilton strong central government led by
    wealthy, educated
  • Jefferson strong state, local government
    peoples participation
  • Hamilton has Northern support Jefferson has
    Southern, Western
  • Hamiltons Economic Plan
  • U.S. owes millions to foreign countries, private
    citizens
  • Planpay foreign debt, issue new bonds, assume
    states debt
  • Some Southern states have paid debts, against
    taxes to pay for North

19
Hamiltons Program
  • Supported strong national power
  • Little faith in the people
  • Felt that government needed to direct the
    development of the American economy
  • Hamiltons Plan take on Revolutionary War debts
    of states
  • Wanted to charter a Bank of the U.S.

20
Deal
  • Southern states would support the debt plan, if
    northern states would support the plan to locate
    the capital in the South
  • Hamiltons strategy
  • - Creditors owed money by the government did
    not want government to collapse
  • - Creditors were concerned with the future of
    the U.S. so they would get paid
  • Set up a budget payment plan sell government
    bonds

21
Chart Hamiltons Plan for Restructuring Debt
Hamiltons Plan for Restructuring Debt
CHART
22
Hamiltons Opponents
  • Washington sided with Hamilton
  • Thomas Jefferson resigned from the Cabinet in
    1793.
  • Believed that Hamilton was betraying the spirit
    of the Revolution
  • Had more faith in the people

23
Interpretation of Constitution
  • Strict construction government should not do
    anything unless specified in the Constitution
  • Loose construction government could do anything
    that was not forbidden in the Constitution

24
Payment Plan
  • Tariff enacted in 1789 to tax imported goods to
    raise money
  • 1791, congress placed a tax on whiskey
  • Fund set up to pay creditors slowly, with interest

25
Whiskey Rebellion
  • Corn made into whiskey
  • Used as a kind of currency
  • Rebels closed courts and attacked tax collectors
  • 1794, army of 12,000 men put down the rebellion
    in Pennsylvania to demonstrate the power of the
    government

26
Analyzing Political Cartoons The Whiskey
Rebellion
Analyzing Political Cartoons The Whiskey
Rebellion
TRANSPARENCY
27
Infographic Political Parties Grow
Political Parties Grow
INFOGRAPHIC
28
Democratic Republicans
  • Stood for a more democratic republic
  • Along with Federalists, they became the first
    political parties a group of people who seek to
    win elections and hold public office in order to
    control government policy and programs

29
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30
Progress Monitoring Transparency Section 1
PM TRANSPARENCY
Progress Monitoring Transparency
31
The Struggle Over Foreign Policy
  • Chapter 6 Section 2
  • How did foreign policy challenges affect
    political debate and shape American government?

32
Sec 2 The Struggle Over Foreign Policy
The Struggle Over Foreign Policy
Conflict in the Ohio Valley Main Idea From the
forts they maintained along the Great Lakes, the
British supplied the Miami Indians and their
allies with arms and ammunition. The British
hoped to limit American settlement in the
Northwest Territory. This led to violent
conflict. American Relations With Europe Main
Idea While the British were helping Native
Americans take a stand against the United States,
Americans became embroiled in the first major
foreign policy event of its short history the
French Revolution. The Parties Debate Foreign
Policy Main Idea The Federalists and
Antifederalists conflicted over many issues
concerning government power. A crisis in France
briefly united the nation, but the Alien and
Sedition Acts and the Virginia and Kentucky
Resolutions soon revealed the party divisions
once again. The Election of 1800 Main Idea
Complications in the election of 1800 forced the
House of Representatives to choose between
Jefferson and Aaron Burr. Burr had been
Jeffersons running mate, and both men won 73
electoral votes. To avoid another electoral
crisis, in 1804 the Constitution was amended to
require electors to vote separately for President
and Vice President. Continued
33
Sec 2 The Struggle Over Foreign Policy (cont)
The Struggle Over Foreign Policy (continued)
Witness History A Great Orator Speaks Note
Taking Reading Skill Identify Supporting
Details Color Transparencies The XYZ
Affair Political Cartoons Fighting Over the
Sedition Act Map Presidential Election of
1800 Progress Monitoring Transparency
34
Note Taking Reading Skill Identify Supporting
Details
Reading Skill Identify Supporting Details
NOTE TAKING
35
Analyzing Political Cartoons Fighting Over the
Sedition Act
Analyzing Political Cartoons Fighting Over the
Sedition Act
TRANSPARENCY
36
French Revolution
  • 1789 French people overthrew King Louis XVI
  • During the Reign of Terror, thousands of people
    were executed,
  • including King Louis XVI and Queen Marie
    Antoinette

37
War
  • Federalists opposed the French Revolution, while
    Jefferson and his supporters thought of it as an
    extension of the American Revolution
  • War broke out between Great Britain and France
  • America neutral

38
Jays Treaty
  • Washington sided with Britain in war because of
    British navy
  • Britain agreed to leave the forts in Northwest
    Territory
  • Expanded trade, but did not solve ship problem of
    stopping American ships to search for British
    subjects
  • Lost support of many Americans

39
Washingtons Legacy
  • Washington was famous for his honesty, dignity,
    an self-control
  • He was very popular in his first four years
  • Problems clouded his second term
  • Many distrusted the government
  • Many disliked Hamiltons economic plans
  • Jefferson resigned in 1793
  • Divisions in the government developed

40
Capital City
  • First government was in New York City
  • Capital moved to Philadelphia in 1790
  • Residence Act of 1790 10-square-mile stretch of
    land on Virginia-Maryland border
  • District of Columbia
  • Benjamin Banneker surveyor
  • Pierre-Charles LEnfant developed the city plan
    with broad streets, the White House for the
    Presidents residence, and the Capitol building
    for Congress moved in 1800

41
U.S. Response to Events in Europe
Reactions to the French Revolution Federalists
pro-British Democratic-Republicans
pro-French Washington declares neutrality, will
not support either side Edmond Genêt, French
diplomat, violates diplomatic protocol
Treaty with Spain Spain negotiates with Thomas
Pinckney, U.S. minister to Britain Pinckneys
Treaty of 1795, or Treaty of San Lorenzo,
signed - Spain gives up claims to western U.S.
- Florida-U.S. boundary set at 31st parallel -
Mississippi River open to U.S. traffic
42
Washingtons Farewell Address
  • A system of political parties agitates the
    Community with ill-founded jealousies and false
    alarms, kindles the animosity of one part against
    another, and foments stirs up occasional riot
    and insurrection. 1796

43
Election of 1796
  • Washington set a precedent of serving two terms
  • John Adams ran against Thomas Jefferson.
  • Adams elected with Jefferson his Vice President
    (from different political parties)

44
Progress Monitoring Transparency Section 2
PM TRANSPARENCY
Progress Monitoring Transparency
45
John Adams
  • Second President
  • Lacked the prestige of Washington
  • Rise of political parties
  • Threat of war from abroad with the French over
    Jays Treaty
  • French began seizing American ships in French
    harbors

46
XYZ Affair
  • French were seizing American ships
  • X, Y, and Z were French agents sent by Tallyrand
    to demand a bribe from America to see him
  • Americans returned home
  • Undeclared war with France

47
Transparency The XYZ Affair
The XYZ Affair
TRANSPARENCY
48
Adams Provokes Criticism
First Party-Based Elections 1796, Federalist
John Adams elected president - Jefferson, a
Democratic-Republican, is vice-president Result
of sectionalism, placing regional interests
above nation
Adams Tries to Avoid War French see Jays
Treaty as violation of alliance seize U.S.
ships XYZ AffairFrench officials demand bribe
to see foreign minister Congress creates navy
department Washington called to lead army
Undeclared naval war rages between France,
U.S. for two years
49
Alien Act
  • President gained the right to imprison or deport
    citizens of other countries residing in the U.S.

50
Sedition Act
  • Persons who wrote, published, or said anything
    of a false, scandalous, and malicious nature
    against the American government or its officials
    could be jailed or fined

51
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
  • Jefferson, Madison, and others felt the Sedition
    Act violated free speech
  • Legislatures of two states came up with null and
    void idea
  • Stated that states had the right to judge whether
    federal laws agreed with the Constitution

52
Nullification
  • Principle that a state could declare a federal
    law null and void in a state
  • Principle unresolved

53
Prossers Rebellion
  • Gabriel Prosser, a blacksmith, in Richmond,
    Virginia, led a rebellion. It failed and twenty
    of them were executed.

54
Election of 1800
  • Personal attacks
  • Jefferson versus Adams
  • Jefferson did not gain a majority so decided in
    the House of Representatives

55
Transfer of Power
  • Peaceful
  • Americans must be willing to disagree peacefully

56
Map Presidential Elections of 1800
Presidential Election of 1800
MAP
57
The Age of Jefferson
  • Chapter 6 Section 3
  • What were the successes and failures of the
    Jefferson administrations?

58
Sec 3 The Age of Jefferson
The Age of Jefferson
Pursuing Republican Principles   Main Idea
Jefferson and his administration set out to do
things quite differently from their Federalist
predecessors. Jefferson cut taxes but succeeded
at cutting the national debt by streamlining
government bureaucracy. Federal revenue also
surged due to growth in foreign trade and sale of
federal lands. John Marshalls Supreme
Court Main Idea John Marshall, a Federalist,
became the Chief Justice of the United States in
1801. His four-part legacy and his participation
in over 1,000 court decisions made a tremendous
impact on the nations history. The Nation
Expands Main Idea Jefferson insisted that farm
ownership was essential to the freedom of white
Americans. Yet, without expansion there would not
be enough farms for the rapidly growing
population. As a result, Jefferson set his sights
on expanding the U.S. to the Pacific.
Jeffersons Foreign Troubles Main Idea While
Jefferson succeeded in his plans to expand to the
west, he faced significant challenges to
solidifying the position of the United States as
an international power.
Continued
59
Sec 3 The Age of Jefferson (cont)
The Age of Jefferson (continued)
Witness History A Jefferson Calls for Free
Speech Note Taking Reading Skill Identify
Main Ideas Note Taking Reading Skill
Recognize Sequence Color Transparencies The
Marshall Court Geography Interactive U.S.
Territory, 1803 Chart U.S. Population,
1790-1810 Map The Reexport Trade in
Action Progress Monitoring Transparency
60
Reducing Government
  • Jefferson reversed much of what the Federalists
    had done, such as presidential style addressed
    as Mr. President
  • Reduced taxes
  • Cut the bureaucracy the departments and workers
    that make up the federal government
  • Slashed the size of the army to 3,000 men
  • Let stand the Bank of the United States since
    charter would expire in 1811

61
Rivals to Jefferson
  • Aaron Burr Vice President
  • Alexander Hamilton, now a lawyer in New York
  • Burr killed Hamilton in a duel in 1804, ending
    his political future

62
Judiciary Acts
  • Judiciary Act of 1789 created a national court
    system with three circuit courts and thirteen
    district courts, headed by the Supreme Court
  • Stated that the Supreme Court would settle
    differences between state and federal laws

63
Judiciary Acts
  • Judiciary Act of 1801 decreased the number of
    Supreme Court justices and increased the number
    of federal judges. Adams filled the new posts to
    have more Federalists judges
  • Known as midnight judges
  • Angered Jefferson who felt that he should appoint
    new judges from his political party

64
John Marshall
  • Federalist leader
  • Became Chief Justice in 1801 and held post for 34
    years
  • Established principle of constitutional law
    judicial review
  • Insisted federal laws were superior to state laws

65
Marbury v. Madison
  • Adams appointed Marbury as justice of the peace
    for the District of Columbia
  • Secretary of State Madison never delivered the
    papers
  • Marbury sued Madison
  • Chief Justice Marshall ruled against Marbury
    declared part of the Judiciary Act of 1789
    unconstitutional
  • Established the power of judicial review

66
Judicial Review
  • Enables federal courts to review state laws and
    court decisions
  • Can decide if laws passed by Congress are
    constitutional

67
Note Taking Reading Skill Recognize Sequence
Reading Skill Recognize Sequence
NOTE TAKING
68
Transparency The Marshall Court
The Marshall Court
TRANSPARENCY
69
Chart U.S. Population, 1790-1810
U.S. Population, 1790-1810
CHART
70
Louisiana Purchase
  • Northwest Ordinance of 1787 established a
    process by which territories could become states
  • Land Act of 1800 Americans able to buy land in
    small parcels and on credit
  • Napoleon, the French ruler, took over much of the
    Spanish land in the West and charged large sums
    of money from American traders to use the
    Mississippi River and New Orleans

71
Louisiana Purchase
  • France controlled New Orleans
  • Napoleon failed to stop a rebellion in Haiti
  • Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris to buy New
    Orleans for 10 million, but he bought all French
    land for 15 million
  • Jefferson overcame doubts about constitutionality
    of buying land and signed purchase
  • Doubled the size of the U.S.

72
Lewis and Clark Expedition
  • Meriwether Lewis and William Clark explored the
    Louisiana Purchase in 1804 to make contact with
    Native Americans and to gather information about
    the regions natural resources
  • Sacajawea and husband were interpreters

73
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74
Zebulon Pike
  • Traveled as far west as the Rockies and then
    south into Spanish-held territory between 1806
    and 1807
  • Pikes Peak

75
Foreign Policy
  • Jays Treaty expired in 1805
  • Great Britain and France at war again
  • Harassing American ships British kidnapping
    American sailors
  • Leopard incident British ship, the Leopard,
    attacked the U.S.S. Chesapeake, inflicting 21
    casualties in search of deserters from the
    British navy

76
Barbary War
  • Barbary States of North Africa used piracy for
    profit
  • U.S. had paid prote4ction money to the Barbary
    States
  • Price increased, so Jefferson blockaded the port
    of Tripoli
  • Peace in 1805

77
Reexport Trade
  • War between Britain and France with British
    capturing French merchant ships
  • Americans brought cargoes from French islands to
    American ports, and then shipped them to France
  • British began to confiscate American merchant
    ships for trading with the French
  • British began to impress American sailors

78
Map The Reexport Trade in Action
The Reexport Trade in Action
MAP
79
Embargo of 1807
  • Outlawed almost all trade with foreign countries
  • Little effect on British or French trade
  • Americans smuggled goods to Europe in defiance of
    the embargo (a restriction of trade)
  • Jefferson used navy and federal agents to enforce
    the law
  • Ruined Jeffersons second term

80
Note Taking Reading Skill Identify Main Ideas
Reading Skill Identify Main Ideas
NOTE TAKING
81
Election of 1808
  • James Madison was elected president
  • Jefferson retired to his home

82
Progress Monitoring Transparency Section 3
PM TRANSPARENCY
Progress Monitoring Transparency
83
The War of 1812
  • Chapter 6 Section 4
  • Why did the United States go to war with Britain,
    and what was the outcome of that war?

84
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85
Sec 4 The War of 1812
The War of 1812
Gearing Up for War Main Idea Democratic
Republicans felt humiliated by the failure of the
1807 embargo against Britain. With persistent
British abuses on the oceans, and stepped-up
Native American resistance in the West, Americans
increasingly blamed the British for their
problems. War Breaks Out Main Idea President
Madison urged Congress to declare war on Britain
in June of 1812. Disunited, unprepared, and with
only a small army and navy, the United States
went to war once again with the worlds greatest
power. Wars Aftermath and Effects Main Idea
After the War of 1812 and Jacksons victory in
New Orleans, Americans experienced a surge of
nationalism and a new confidence in the strength
of their republic. By weathering a difficult war,
the nation seemed certain to endure. Also,
westward expansion contributed to a union that
was bigger and stronger than ever. Witness
History Burning the Capital Note Taking
Reading Skill Recognize Sequence Decision
Point Should the United States Declare War on
Britain? Continued
86
Sec 4 The War of 1812 (cont)
The War of 1812 (continued)
Geography Interactive Major Battles of the War
of 1812 Color Transparencies The War of
1812 Analyze Cause and Effect The War of
1812 Progress Monitoring Transparency
87
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
  • No state northwest of the Ohio River could be a
    slave state
  • Missouri not covered by this law
  • Northern congressmen worried that if Missouri was
    admitted as a slave state, the balance of power
    would tip toward the South

88
War in the Old Northwest
  • American Revolution weakened Iroquois and
    Cherokee
  • Miami, Delaware, Shawnee, and other Native
    American groups grouped to fight expansion
  • Miamitown 1790 Little Turtle and Blue Jacket
    defeat army
  • Expedition led by Arthur St. Clair defeated

89
Battles-Army Victories
  • Legion of the U.S. led by General Wayne win at
    the Battle of Fallen Timbers in Ohio
  • Native American groups forced to accept Treaty of
    Greenville
  • Miami, Delaware, Shawnee, and other groups lost
    southern two thirds of Ohio
  • Ohio River no longer a permanent boundary between
    their land and settlers

90
Native American Reaction
  • 1. Accept white culture
  • 2. Blending Indian and American cultures
  • 3. Returning to Indian religious traditions
  • 4. Taking military actions

91
Accepting White Culture
  • Little Turtle-leader of the Miami people
  • Adopted some American customs
  • Tried to live peacefully with settlers

92
Blending Cultures
  • Handsome Lake - a Seneca called for a rebirth of
    Seneca culture that would blend customs of both
    Native Americans and Americans
  • Urged his people to abandon war and focus on
    rituals

93
Returning to Traditions
  • Tenskwatawa (the Prophet) called for a rejection
    of European ways and a return to tradition
  • Established Prophetstown in Indiana had warlike
    attitude

94
Military Action
  • Tecumseh believed that Native Americans must
    unite the Native American groups to fight the
    Americans brother of Tenskwatawa
  • Battle of Tippecanoe William Henry Harrison was
    attacked by Tenskwatawa Prophetstown burned

95
Result
  • Tecumseh dies in Canada during the War of 1812 at
    the Battle of the Thames
  • Tecumseh does not accomplish goal of uniting
    Native Americans
  • Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa showed defiance and
    earned respect for their people and culture

96
Note Taking Reading Skill Recognize Sequence
Reading Skill Recognize Sequence
NOTE TAKING
97
Decision Point Should the United States Declare
War on Britain
Should the United States Declare War on Britain?
DECISION POINT
98
Reasons for War
  • Americans believed the British were encouraging
    the Native Americans to attack
  • War Hawks (Clay and Calhoun) wanted Britain out
    of North America
  • British interference with shipping-
  • impressment the act of forcing people into
    military service

99
Land War
  • Tried to defeat British in Canada defeated by
    the British in summer of 1812 Americans were
    poorly equipped and led
  • Battle of the Thames, 1813, Americans defeated
    British and Native Americans, including Tecumseh

100
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101
Naval War
  • American vessels outnumbered 20 to 1
  • Perry defeated British fleet on Lake Erie,
    protecting northern border
  • British blockaded coast

102
Baltimore
  • British bombarded Fort McHenry
  • Francis Scott Key watched and wrote the
    Star-spangled banner

103
Washington, D.C.
  • 1814, British ended war with Napoleon
  • British seized Washington and burned the White
    House and the Capital
  • President Madison fled

104
War Ends
  • The Hartford Convention 1814 New England
    considered leaving the Union called for
    constitutional amendments to increase New
    Englands political power
  • Treaty of Ghent
  • -Representatives met in Belgium
  • -All old boundaries between the U.S. and
    Britain were restored

105
Transparency The War of 1812
The War of 1812
TRANSPARENCY
106
Battle of New Orleans
  • Two weeks after treaty signed
  • General Andrew Jackson defeated the British
  • Battle unified country and made Jackson a hero

107
Analyze Cause and Effect The War of 1812
Cause and Effect The War of 1812
ANALYZE
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