A Nation Divided

1
A Nation Divided

• Events leading to the Civil War

2
The Cotton Gin (1794)

• It is a machine that separates the seeds from raw
  cotton fibers.
• It was invented by Eli Whitney.
• Gin is short for engine.

3
The Missouri Compromise (1819)

• The Missouri Compromise was passed because a
  battle was brewing in Congress over Missouri
  becoming a new state.
• The plan was to allow Missouri to become a state
  and keep its slaves and Maine would become a
  state and have no slaves.
• The other part of the Compromise was that a line
  would be drawn from Missouri to the Pacific
  Ocean.
• Any state wanting to enter the Union south of
  this line had to be a slave state, and any state
  entering the Union north of this line would have
  to be a free state.

4
Compromise of 1850

• California admitted as a free state
• Utah New Mexico territories to decide about
  slavery
• Texas-New Mexico boundary resolved, Texas paid
  10 million by federal government
• The sale of slaves banned in the D.C., but
  slavery may still continue there
• Fugitive Slave Act required people in free states
  to help capture and return escaped slaves.

5
Uncle Toms Cabin (1852)

• Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe
• Became an instant best seller
• Stirred strong reactions from the North the
  South
• Delivered the message that slavery was not just a
  political contest, but a moral struggle

6
The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

• It created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska
  and allowed settlers in those territories to
  determine if they would allow slavery within
  their boundaries.
• The act established that settlers could vote to
  decide whether to allow slavery, in the name of
  popular sovereignty or rule of the people.
• The Kansas-Nebraska Act divided the nation and
  pointed it toward civil war.
• The act itself nullified the Missouri Compromise
  of 1820 and the Compromise of 1850.

7
Bleeding Kansas (1856)

• Event triggered from the Pottawatomie Massacre
• Led by abolitionist John Brown
• Proslavery settlers attacked the Free-Soilers
• 200 people were killed
• A violent battlefield in a civil war

8
Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)

• Dred Scott was a slave who sued unsuccessfully
  for his freedom.
• His case was based on the fact that he was a
  slave, but had lived in states and territories
  where slavery was illegal.
• The United States Supreme Court ruled seven to
  two against Scott, finding that neither he, nor
  any person of African ancestry, could claim
  citizenship in the United States, and that
  therefore Scott could not bring suit in federal
  court.
• Essentially, the Supreme Court stated that slaves
  were property.

9
Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)

• Debates between Abraham Lincoln (challenger) and
  Stephen Douglas (incumbent)
• Race for U.S. Senate for Illinois
• One of the biggest issues was the topic of
  slavery popular sovereignty
• Lincoln tried to make Douglas look like a
  defender of slavery
• Douglas accused Lincoln of being an abolitionist.

10
John Browns Raid at Harpers Ferry (1859)

• It was an attempt by John Brown to start an armed
  slave revolt by seizing a United States Arsenal
  at Harpers Ferry in Virginia.
• Within 36 hours of the failed attack, Brown's men
  had fled or been killed or captured by local
  farmers, militiamen, and U.S. Marines led by
  Robert E. Lee.
• He was tried for treason against the state of
  Virginia, the murder of five proslavery
  Southerners, and inciting a slave insurrection
  and was subsequently hanged.

11
Election of 1860

• 3 major candidates were vying for office, in
  addition to Lincoln.
• Democrats split over issue of slavery
• Lincoln was the winner even though he received
  less than half the popular vote, and no votes
  from the south.
• This made the outlook for the Union very grim.

12
Confederate States of America formed (1861)

• Southern states felt they lost their political
  voice with Lincolns election.
• SC led the way in seceding (to withdraw from) the
  Union.
• Soon MS, AL, FL, GA, LA, and TX seceded.
• They met in February of 1861 and formed the
  Confederacy.
• They elected Jefferson Davis as President of the
  Confederate States of America.

13
Antebellum Southern Plantation Life
14
Characteristics of the Antebellum South

1. Primarily agrarian.
2. Economic power shifted from the upper South to
   the lower South.
3. Cotton Is King! 1860? 5 mil. bales a yr.
   (57 of total US exports).
4. Very slow development of industrialization.
5. Rudimentary financial system.
6. Inadequate transportation system.

15
Slaves posing in front of their cabin on a
Southern plantation.
16
The Ledger of John White

• Matilda Selby, 9, 400.00 sold to Mr. Covington,
  St. Louis, 425.00
• Brooks Selby, 19, 750.00 Left at Home Crazy
• Fred McAfee, 22, 800.00 Sold to
  Pepidal,Donaldsonville, 1200.00
• Howard Barnett, 25, 750.00 Ranaway. Sold out of
  jail, 540.00
• Harriett Barnett, 17, 550.00 Sold to Davenport
  and Jones, Lafourche, 900.00

17
US Laws Regarding Slavery

1. U. S. Constitution 3/5s compromise I.2
   fugitive slave clause IV.2
2. 1793 ? Fugitive Slave Act.
3. 1850 ? stronger Fugitive Slave Act.

18
Southern Slavery--gt An Aberration?

• 1780s 1st antislavery society created in Phila.
• By 1804 slavery eliminated from last northern
  state.
• 1807 the legal termination of the slave trade,
  enforced by the Royal Navy.
• 1820s newly indep. Republics of Central So.
  America declared their slaves free.
• 1833 slavery abolished throughout the British
  Empire.
• 1844 slavery abolished in the Fr. colonies.
• 1861 the serfs of Russia were emancipated.

19
Slavery Was Less Efficient in the U. S. than
Elsewhere

• High cost of keeping slaves fromescaping.
• GOAL ? raise the exit cost.

• Slave patrols.

• Southern Black Codes.

• Cut off a toe or a foot.

20
A Nation Divided

• Comprehension Check
• Take out a sheet of paper and number 1 through 5

21
Quiz

1. What state was the first to secede from the
   Union?
2. Who won the Election of 1860?
3. What was the term was used to describe the
   Souths economy?
4. Who was elected president of the Confederate
   States of America?
5. What Act required Northerners to assist with the
   capture and return of runaway slaves?

22
Slave Resistance Uprisings
23
Slave Resistance

1. SAMBO pattern of behavior used as a charade in
   front of whites the innocent, laughing black man
   caricature bulging eyes, thick lips, big smile,
   etc..

24
Slave Resistance

1. Refusal to work hard.
2. Isolated acts of sabotage.
3. Escape via the Underground Railroad.

25
Runaway Slave Ads
26
Quilt Patterns as Secret Messages
The Monkey Wrench pattern, on the left, alerted
escapees to gather up tools and prepare to flee
the Drunkard Path design, on the right, warned
escapees not to follow a straight route.
27
The Culture of Slavery

1. Black Christianity Baptists or Methodists
   more emotional worship services. negro
   spirituals.
2. Pidgin or Gullah languages.
3. Nuclear family with extended kin links,where
   possible.
4. Importance of music in their lives. esp.
   spirituals.

28
Southern Pro-SlaveryPropaganda
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A Nation Divided

• Activity
• Photograph Analysis

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A Nation Divided

• The Civil War
• And
• Reconstruction

40
Abraham Lincoln

• Elected president in 1860, in a controversial
  election that split the Democratic.
• He was virtually an unknown candidate.
• He inherited a country deeply divided before he
  took office.
• Seven states had already seceded and formed the
  Confederate States of America.
• Four more joined barely two months after his
  inaugurationincluding his home state, Virginia.

41
Lincolns Polices

• Lincoln utilized emergency powers including
  suspension of habeas corpus (incarceration of
  individuals without trial) to prevent Maryland
  and other border states legislators from voting
  for secession.
• Why would he do this?
• Because the nations capital is surrounded by
  Maryland, and if Maryland seceded then it would
  have been isolated inside the Confederacy.

42
Lincolns Plan for the Civil War

• Lincoln and his advisors set up a plan to isolate
  the Confederacy by cutting off trade and
  attempting to constrict its boundaries.
• It became known as the Anaconda Plan
• 1. block off southern ports
• 2. cut Confederacy into to 2 parts by
  controlling the Mississippi River.
• 3. capture the Confederate capital.

43
The Emancipation Proclamation

• Document issued by Lincoln that virtually freed
  slaves in the states that had already seceded
  from the Union (it did not apply to slaves in
  border states).
• It caused many slaves to join Union Armies in
  Confederate states under attack and diverted more
  resources from the Confederate War effort to
  recapture fleeing slaves.

44
Civil War

• Military Political Leaders

45
Ulysses S. Grant

• Was a determined and tough Union General whose
  initials U.S. came to be called unconditional
  surrender after campaigns in Fort Donelson
  Fort Henry.
• After winning victories at Shiloh Vicksburg, he
  was promoted to commander of all Union armies.

46
William Tecumseh Sherman

• Commissioned by Grant to lead a military division
  of Mississippi.
• Lead a campaign of total war through Georgia and
  took on Robert E. Lee in Virginia.
• Responsible for the burning of Atlanta.

47
Robert E. Lee

• Perhaps the most brilliant military tactician in
  the war.
• His soldiers followed him dutifully until he was
  forced to surrender to Grant at Appomattox.

48
Stonewall Jackson

• Brilliant field commander under Robert E. Lee.
• Taught military strategy at the Virginia Military
  Institute prior to the Civil War.

49
Jefferson Davis

• Graduate of West Point/
• Elected President of the Confederacy.
• Was initially successful in mobilizing the
  Confederacy for warhe was unable to maintain the
  balance of military necessity and political will
  to keep the Confederacy from collapsing.

50
Civil War

• Major Battles

51

• North had an enormous advantage over the South in
  terms of population and resources.
• The North would draft immigrants (Irish) as they
  arrived to the docks of New York.
• The Union drafts caused several riots, especially
  in New York City.
• The Confederacy firing on Fort Sumter in 1861
  started the Civil War.
• The Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest battle
  in a single day. It had a total of 26,000
  casualties. It resulted in a standoff and
  convinced European countries to refuse to
  recognize the Confederacy.
• Why was this important?

52

• One of the last major Confederate holdouts for
  control of the Mississippi river was Vicksburg.
• The siege of Vicksburg lasted two
  monthsconfederate soldiers were trapped in caves
  starving to death from the constant barrage of
  artillery. They eventually surrendered to Grant.
• The 3-day battle of Gettysburg proved to be the
  most decisive battle of the war.
• It was also the costliest.

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• Casualties totaled 23,000 for the Union and
  28,000 for the Confederacy.
• The most famous maneuver of the battle was the
  suicide charge ordered by Lee known as Picketts
  Charge.
• It resulted in the Confederate soldiers being
  slaughtered in an open field charge.
• The Battle of Atlanta was a long campaign for
  control of Georgia.
• Shermans March was a wide path of destruction
  from Atlanta to Savannah.
• In 1863, the Civil ended with the South
  surrendering to the North at Appomattox.

54
Reconstruction
55
The End of the South

• In 1863, Lincoln proposed a lenient policy for
  re-admitting states that seceded from the Union.
• It was known as the Ten Percent Plan, which
  allowed states to be re-admitted with only 10 of
  eligible voters swearing an oath of allegiance.
• The Radical Republicanspassed the Wade Davis
  billwhich required a majority of Southern voters
  to take an oath supporting the Constitution and a
  more radical reconstruction plan.

56

• It was the Radical Republicans who wanted to
  destroy the political power of the slaveholders
  and give African American males the right to
  vote.
• Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Boothe,
  and Andrew Johnson (V.P.) continued his lenient
  plan.
• Johnson allowed all states to re-enter except
  Texas.
• The Radical Republicans passed legislation
  strengthening the Freedmens Bureau and the Civil
  Rights Act of 1866.

57
Andrew Johnson

• Johnson vetoed all bill giving civil rights to
  black males and he his veto was overridden by the
  Senate.
• It was the first time in history a major piece of
  legislation was ever enacted over a presidential
  veto.
• The Radical Republicans passed the 14th amendment
  and passed the reconstruction act of 1867.
• After Johnson fired Secretary of War Edwin
  Stanton, the Radical Republics passed articles of
  impeachment of Johnson.
• The trial went to the Senate in 1868 and the vote
  was 35 to 19 for impeachment and removal of
  Johnson.