Thematic PowerPoint 2 (music)

1
Thematic PowerPoint 2 (music)

• Garrett Moler

2
Early nineteenth century music

• A paradigm shift occurred in musical culture
• Revered old works now called classics began to
  rival new works
• A professional collegiality developed during this
  time on concert programs among a diverse age and
  taste of music
• Iconic composers
• Haydn
• Mozart
• Beethoven
• Schubert
• Schumann
• Mendelssohn
• Other composers came from Italy, France and
  Britain
• Most famous were opera collections and songs
• Collegiality
• Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven dominated and were
  known as the trinity in the classics
• In the 1810s a new more educated generation of
  composers began to look at these works as truth
  rather than simply entertainment
• Survival and canonicity
• Evolution of canonic repertoire is traceable from
  the 18th to the 19th century
• Even through the natural evolution of music old
  works survived
• Many old protestant hymns and psalmodies still
  remained in churches

3
Romantic Style

• Romantic style
• A closer relationship was seen in music as it was
  transitioning
• Around 1720 baroque shared a close relationship
  to classical music it was transitioning to
• from the early 19th century another close
  transition from classical to modern was seen
• composers borrowed aspects of classical style and
  inserted it in their own works
• this created a very undefined era of romantic
  music
• neoclassical pieces were common by romantic
  composers such as
• Spohr
• Camille Saint-Saëns
• Georges Bizet
• Canonic authority had been established by the mid
  19th century
• Canonic composers
• The discussion of classics of the mid 19th
  century almost always centers on the symphony
• But the principle had survived from the
  eighteenth century for concerts to have
• Vocal pieces
• Opera selections
• Most common composers of vocal music
• Giovanni Pergolesi
• Mozart

4
Concerts

• Included a wide selection of pieces such as
• Operas
• Symphonies
• Overtures
• Chamber music programs excluded vocal pieces
• Beethoven and Andreas Rhomberg were popular on
  these bills
• Sporh became famous for his cosmopolitan style
  and chamber music
• Wrote operas, symphonies and quartets
• Endowed svelte melodies with sophisticated
  harmonic activity
• German and Austrian composers were prominent in
  chamber concerts
• George Onslow a British composer, also received
  notoriety but like Spohr had most of it removed
  after his death
• By 1840 prominent philharmonic groups were
  slightly straying from the musical trinity

5
American composers

• Americans were influenced by music coming from
  Europe
• American composers put their own style on the
  classics
• Less prominent than European counterparts
• Evolution
• Slowly older composers made their way out of
  concert bills and were replaced by newer
  composers
• These newer composers based many ideas from the
  classics

6
Popular American Songs

• Ben Bolt
• The poem first written by Thomas Dunn in English
  in 1842
• Set to music by Nelson Kneass (1823-1868)
• Kneass was a music teacher and conductor in New
  York
• First sung in Philadelphia in 1848 gained
  popularity
• Burl Ives cites the song as a famous example of
  the new sentimental type of song that became
  popular after the 1830s
• America
• Words written by Samuel Francis Smith in Boston
  on July 4, 1832
• Original tune was God Save the King
• Arkansas Traveler
• The Arkansas Traveler was a hit play in the
  1850s
• In the play a traveler finds a squatter playing
  the tune
• The entire play depends on the effort of the
  squatter to remember the end of the tune
• Often played in different keys due to
  improvisation
• Writing of the words
• Credited to David Stevens
• The song was first printed in New York in 1850
• The Buffalo
• A popular emigrant song

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Popular American Songs Cont.

• Gaily the Troubadour
• Written in the 1820s by English dramatist and
  songwriter Thomas Haynes Bayly (1797-1839)
• other works include long, long ago
• Lilly Dale
• The words and music were written by H.S. Thomson
  in 1852
• The tune was popular in the 1850s and played in
  concerts and dance halls
• The Star Spangled Banner
• The music was first published in England in the
  1780s
• The melody was most likely written by British
  composer John Stafford Smith
• The originals words were written by Ralph
  Tomlinson, both were members of the Anacreon
  society in England, made of wealthy men
• The melody was particularly popular during the
  war of 1812 and several Americans wrote patriotic
  tunes to it
• The most famous of these was the one written by
  Francis Scott Key
• Written as he witnessed the bombardment of Ft.
  Mchenry on a British ship to secure the release
  of a lawyer friend
• Wrote the poem The Defense of Ft. Mchenry when
  the battle was over
• The poem was published anonymously on a broadside
  in 1814
• The sheet music was published in 1815
• Recognized as Americas National Anthem in 1931 by
  congress

8
Dancehalls in America

• Dancehalls in America
• Accompanying music in America was dance
• Dancing helped spur new music styles and the
  other way around
• The romantic era
• The waltz
• Originally received criticism
• Slowly made its way into ballrooms, aided by
  society figures
• The polka
• Came from Bohemia and became an overnight
  sensation in 1844
• Had a light hearted quality
• The overall spirit of dance and dance music was
  that of exuberance and excitement
• By 1850s the ballroom had reached its zenith

9
Concerthalls

• Concert halls in America
• In the 19th century commercialized entertainment
  became popular in America
• Working class could finally pay for entertainment
  and had spare time for such activity
• The puritans negative view of entertainment was
  mocked
• Concert halls were popular for entertainment
• Brooklyn Academy of Music
• Center of progressive performance
• Philadelphia Academy of Music
• Built in 1857
• The oldest Opera house in the United States still
  used for its original purpose
• Hosted Opera and classical concerts
• Mechanics Hall
• Features a large concert hall on the third floor
• Built to house cultural and educational
  activities
• A pipe organ was installed in 1863

10
Composers

• George Whitefield Chadwick (1854-1931)
• Representative composer of the New England School
  of American Composers
• Works are influenced by the realist movement
• Was one of the most influential composers in
  creating a body of original American classical
  music
• Composed in almost every genre
• Opera
• Chamber music
• Choral works
• Songs

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Music of the Civil War

• Popular songs
• The battle hymn of the republic
• Written by Julia Ward Howe
• Born in New York in 1819 to banker Samuel Ward
• On the way back from a trip to Washington her
  group sang John Browns Body to a group of
  roadside soldiers who applauded and she was
  inspired to write the famous lyrics
• Music in the military
• Robert E. Lee once remarked that without music
  there would be no war
• Music was very important between the states
• It was a form of entertainment for soldiers and
  voiced opinions more strongly than words
• Stephen Sears citing an incident during the
  Battle of Williamsburg
• Federal corps commander Heintzelman was trying to
  rally troops back together
• Finding several regiment bands he told them to
  play Yankee Doodle
• One of General Hookers men remarked it saved the
  battle
• Survivors of General George Picketts charge at
  Gettysburg remember Confederate martial bands
  positioned in trees playing stirring martial airs
• When volunteer bands were assembled a regiment
  band was always attached to it
• 24 members in each regimental band
• used for dress rehearsals, marching and parades

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Music of the Civil War Cont.

• brigade bands were formed to serve the entire
  brigade of a division
• there were fewer confederate and because there
  was less musicians and instruments were expensive
  and difficult to obtain
• Generals Lee and Jackson were serenaded by
  confederate music in camp and enjoyed music
• Drums
• Each company of an infantry regiment was supplied
  with a drummer
• Drums woke the soldiers up, called the to meals,
  signaled sick call and guard duty, and played at
  night
• Drums on the battlefield issued out orders and
  directed troops
• The drums were made out of layers of wood steamed
  and pressed together with a calfskin head
• Fife
• A high pitched instrument, similar to a piccolo,
  and commonly made out of rosewood
• Fifers, like drums, were also an important part
  to a regiments band
• When fighting appeared imminent musicians were
  often told to stay behind and assist surgeons
• Some commanders brought their brigade bands into
  battle to play patriotic tunes as the battle went
  on
• The bugle was used in the cavalry instead of a
  drummer
• Bugle calls were unique and directed troops
• Civil war bands by John Newsom
• Gilmores band attached to the 24th Massachusetts
  Volunteer infantry contained 68 pieces and was on
  of the largest during the war
• Boston bandmaster E.B. Flagg received 3000 a
  month for serving in the 44th Massachusetts
  volunteer militia

13
Post Civil War Music

• Music after the war
• The spread of African American music
• The Frisk Jubilee singers
• Organized as a fundraising effort at Frisk
  university an all black college established after
  the civil war
• They toured throughout the united states to raise
  money
• By doing this they popularized the traditional
  African Spiritual to the white United States
• After singing in Boston in 1872 the group was
  invited to sing for president Ulysses S. Grant
• They also performed for the queen of England in
  1873
• The original choir disbanded in 1878
• Guitars in American popular music
• Over the course of the nineteenth century guitars
  shed their European characteristics
• Christian Frederick Martin is credited with
  creating the first guitars in America with
  distinctly American test
• The most important technological improvement to
  guitars emerging as a center for American popular
  music was steel strings in 1880
• Due to this innovation guitars were made in the
  1890sto withstand the pressure the strings
  exerted on the guitar
• Steel strings allowed guitarists to play in
  ensembles often accompanying the popular mandolin
• The ability to bend the strings also paved the
  way for the guitars important position in
  African American blues styles emerging
• Guitars entered the 20th century as the
  instrument that would define the future of
  American popular music
• New styles of jazz and blues emerging at the turn
  of the century would include the guitar as one of
  the center instruments

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Important People

• Francis Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)- One of the most
  prolific and prominent composers of the classical
  era. Haydn spent most of his life as a court
  musician for a wealthy Hungarian aristocratic
  family. He greatly influenced composers in the
  romantic era and on. Haydn was featured
  prominently in concerts of the late 18th and
  early to mid 19th centuries.
• Ludwig Van Beethoven (1770-1827) Beethoven was
  considered to be the most influential figure in
  the transition from the classical era to
  romanticism. He was a student of Haydn and
  pursued playing the piano. By 1793 Beethoven had
  notoriety for composing. Beethoven was one of the
  most influential and well known composers of the
  time.

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Important People Cont.

• Amy Beach (September 5, 1867- December 27, 1944)
  - An American composer and Pianist. Was the first
  successful American female to compose large scale
  art music. Born in New Hampshire to a wealthy
  family, she was a prodigy. By age 1 she could hum
  40 tunes. At age 14 she received her only formal
  composing training. Her first major success was
  Mess in E Flat Minor which was performed by the
  Handel and Haydn Society. Her style is mainly
  romantic.
•  
• Edward Macdowell (December 18, 1860- January 23,
  1908) An American composer and pianist of the
  Romantic era. He was best known for his piano
  suites Woodland Sketches and Sea Pieces.
  First received piano lessons from Juan Butriago a
  Colombian Violinist. He studied under multiple
  affluent pianists. Compositions include two piano
  concertos, two orchestral suites, and four
  symphonic poems. Macdowell was also a notable
  teacher of the piano.

16
Important People Cont.

• Sissieretta Jones (1868-1933)- Born in Portsmouth
  Virginia to an African minister, she began to
  sing at an early age in her fathers church. She
  was an alumnus of the Frisk Jubilee choir and a
  noted opera singer. In 1887 she performed in
  Bostons music hall to a crowd of 5,000. She made
  her New York debut in 1888 at Steinway Hall. In
  June 1892 she was the first African American to
  sing at Carnegie Hall. She toured the world and
  was an immensely popular and influential singer
  of many genres.
•  
• John Joseph Klem (1851-1937)- One of the most
  famous drummer boys of the civil war, he served
  in the 22nd Michigan infantry at 11 years old.
  Attempted to enlist with the 3rd Ohio infantry
  but was turned down because of his age. He
  survived the battles of Shiloh, Perryville, and
  Atlanta. He was promoted to a mounted orderly on
  the staff of General George Thomas. Died at 85 in
  San Antonio and was buried in Arlington National
  Cemetery.

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Definitions

• Canon- consistent, note-for-note imitation of one
  melodic line by another, in which the second line
  starts after the first
• Quartet- a musical composition for four voices or
  instruments
• Symphony- an elaborate instrumental composition
  in three or more movements, similar in form to a
  sonata but written for an orchestra and usually
  of far grander proportions and more varied
  elements
• Overture- an orchestral composition forming the
  prelude or introduction to an opera
• Aria- an elaborate melody sung solo with
  accompaniment, as in an opera or oratorio

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Definitions Cont.

• Concerto- a composition of one ore more principal
  instruments, with orchestral accompaniment
• Romantic era (American) - a complex literary,
  artistic, and intellectual movement that was a
  reaction to the industrial revolution occurring
  in America
• Suite- an ordered series of instrumental dances
•  
• Waltz- a ballroom dance in moderately fast,
  triple meter
• Polka- lively couples dance of bohemian origin,
  music in duple meter

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Definitions Cont.

• African Spiritual- traditional African religious
  hymn brought to America by slaves
• Regiment- a unit of ground forces consisting of
  two battle groups
• Hymn- a song or ode in praise of god
• Bugle- a brass instrument resembling a cornet and
  sometimes having keys, used for military signals
• Cappella- music without instrument accompaniment

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Quiz 1

• 1. In early 19th century music, old works were
  known as?
• a. Classics
• b. Outdated
• c. Historical
• d. Irrelevant
• 2. A composer in whats known as the musical
  trinity is
• a. Haydn
• b. Mozart
• c. Beethoven
• d. All of the above
•   3. The term classical music first appeared in
• a. 1800
• b. 1805
• c. 1810
• d. 1815
• 4. In the early 19th century a transition is
  music was seen from?
• a. Baroque to classical
• b. Baroque to modern
• c. Classical to modern

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Quiz 1 Cont.

• 6. Concerts of the eighteenth century almost
  always included
• a. Piano duets
• b. Violin quartets
• c. Opera selections
• d. Psalmodies
• 7. By the 1850s what style of music was
  introduced to the middle class?
• a. Classical
• b. Opera
• c. Baroque
• d. Psalmody
• 8. Concerts of the early to mid 19th century
  included
• a. Operas
• b. Symphonies
• c. Overtures
• d. All of the above
• 9. Chamber music programs excluded
• a. The use of the violin
• b. A piano solo
• c. Vocal pieces

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Quiz 1 Answer Key

• A
• D
• C
• D
• D
• C
• B
• D
• C
• B

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Quiz 2

• 1. The original tune to the song America was
• a. God Save the King
• b. God Save the Queen
• c. Symphony 25 in g minor
• d. The tune was original
• 2. In the Arkansas Traveler squatters were
  required too
• a. Play the banjo
• b. Memorize lyrics
• c. Know the tune to the end
• d. Sit for long periods of time
• 3. The lyrics to the song Ben Bolt were
  originally
• a. Taken off a broadside
• b. A poem
• c. Published in the paper
• d. Written for a specific tune
• 4. The music from The Star Spangled Banner was
  originally written in
• a. The 1740s
• b. The 1760s
• c. The1780s

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Quiz 2 Cont.

• 6. Popular styles of dance in the romantic age
  include
• a. The waltz
• b. The Polka
• c. Both A and B
• d. None of the above
• 7. Ballroom dancing reached its Zenith in
• a. The 1850s
• b. The 1840s
• c. The 1860s
• d. The 1880s
• 8. Concerts became more accessible to the common
  man in the mid 19th century because
• a. The industrial revolution
• b. An influx of young workers into cities
• c. New societal ideas on entertainment
• d. All of the above
• 9. Name an American concert hall of the mid 19th
  century
• a. Brooklyn Academy of Music
• b. Philadelphia Academy of Music
• c. Mechanics Hall

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Quiz 2 Answer Key

• A
• C
• B
• C
• B
• C
• A
• D
• D
• A

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Quiz 3

• 1. Julia Ward Howe wrote which popular Civil War
  song?
• a. Battle Hymn of the Republic
• b. John Browns Body
• c. Battle Cry of the Republic
• d. Stars and Stripes
• 2. Who remarked without music there would be no
  war?
• a. Stonewall Jackson
• b. Ulysses S. Grant
• c. Robert E. Lee
• d. George Thompson
• 3. music provided what to soldiers
• a. entertainment
• b. structure
• c. ability to voice opinion
• d. all of the above
• 4. At the battle of Gettysburg the Confederate
  army places troops
• a. On the front lines
• b. In trees
• c. In the back of the battle

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Quiz 3 Cont.

• 6. Brigade bands were formed to
• a. Strengthen regiment bands
• b. Entertain officers
• c. Serve for large brigades of troops
• d. Direct troops
• 7. Each company of an infantry regiment was
  provided with
• a. A drummer
• b. A full band
• c. No musicians
• d. A fife player
• 8. Which two famous generals enjoyed music in
  camp
• a. Thomas and Jackson
• b. Lee and Thomas
• c. Jackson and Lee
• d. Pickett and Thomas
• 9. The frisk jubilee singers
• a. Helped popularize African Spirituals
• b. Toured throughout America and Europe
• c. Raised enough money to build the first
  permanent building at Frisk University

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Quiz 3 Answer Key

• A
• C
• D
• B
• D
• C
• A
• C
• D
• B

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References

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  Weber, 14(105), Retrieved from http//commonknowl
  edge.dukejournals.org/cgi/reprint/14/1/105
• Cornwall, B. (2007). Francis joseph haydn.
  Retrievedfromhttp//www.musicwithease.com/haydn.ht
  ml
• Digital history. (2008). Retrieved from
  http//www.digital
  history.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID3
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•  
• Nelson, L. (1999, January 20). Popular songs in
  american history. Retrieved from
• http//www.contemplator.com/america/
•  
• Powers, R. (2008). 19th century social dance.
  Retrieved from
• http//socialdance.stanford.edu/syllabi/19th_cen
  tury.htm
• Hart, . (2009, February 3). Music of the war
  between states. Retrieved from
• http//www.civilwarpoetry.org/music/index.html
• Whitley, P. (2009, July). American popular music
  before 1900. Retrieved from
• http//www.lonestar.edu/library/kin_music1.htm
•  
•  Bradford, D. (2009). The guitar and the birth of
  american popular music. Retrieved