EOCEP Review

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EOCEP Review
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USHC-10.1

• Summarize key events in United States foreign
  policy from the end of the Reagan administration
  to the present, including changes to Middle East
  policy, the impact of United States involvement
  in the Persian Gulf, and the rise of global
  terrorism.

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Ally of Israel
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Peace Broker between

• Israel
• P.L.O. Palestinian Liberation Organization

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Main reason for interest in Middle East
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Iran-Iraq War 1980-1988

• U. S. sends navy to Persian Gulf and Strait of
  Hormuz to protect shipment of Kuwaiti oil

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Iran-Contra Affair

• Exec Branch sells weapons to Iran in exchange for
  release of Am. Hostages (held by Hezbollah)
• Some profits diverted to anti-Sandanista
  (Contras) of Nicaragua (illegal to directly fund)
• Secretary of Defense Weinberger convicted
  pardoned by H.W. Bush

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Operation Desert Storm - 1991
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• Iraq invades Kuwait 1990
• We go in to protect them and oil 1991
• Also known as first Persian Gulf War
• Under H.W.

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W.M.D.s

• Clinton and U.N. 1998 suspect Iraq of same
• 4 day bombing

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Iraq War - 2003

• Excuse to start WMDs
• Get Saddam Hussein out of power
• We are still there

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Eastern Europe Yugoslavia splits up
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U.S. Involvement

• N.A.T.O. (North Atlantic Treaty Organizatio)
• Serbians perform ethnic cleansing of Bosnian
  Muslims
• Serbodan Miliosevic Serbian leader
• Ethnic Albanians in Kosovo then part of Serbia
  also treated very badly
• U.S. sends troops to end ethnic fighting

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Terrorism and the U.S.

• Prior to 1970 domestic Ku Klux Klan, anti-war
  protestors,
• Changes as we become more involved in Middle East

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Some Events

• 1983 Capitol building bombed response to U.S.
  invasion of Grenada
• 1993 Islamists set off bomb in World Trade
  Towers
• 9/11/2001 WTC attacked 2 planes
• Another strikes Pentagon
• Fourth crashes in PA

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War on Terrorism

• October 2001 go after al-Qaeda in Afghanistan
• Department of Homeland Security established

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Economic Issues
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Recession

• Drop in economic activity lasting about six
  months
• Disparity between production and consumption
• Govt will step in to keep from getting too bad

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Govt Help

• Tax Cuts
• Interest rate adjustments

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National Debt
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• Government borrows more for programs than it
  takes in (taxes)
• Under H.W. tax cuts, economic downturn, and
  military spending pushed it to historic levels
• Under Clinton was actually reduced

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Organized Labor

• American Federation of Labor (AFL)
• Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)
• Decline in membership since 1950s
• Foreign competition lower wages
• Less strikes more negotiations job security

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Economic Disparity

• 2007 Fair Labor Standards Act
• Gradually increase minimum wage to 7.25 an hour
  (July 2009)

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Decline of Industry
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WHY???

• U.S. companies decide to invest in foreign
  factories
• Not U.S. factories
• Cost of doing business cheaper more profit for
  them
• Growth of service industries during this time

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NAFTA

• North American Free Trade Agreeement
• 1992 signed effective 1994
• Eliminate trade barriers U.S. Can, Mex
• Result? Small effect on economic growth we have
  lost jobs

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The Cold War Era
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Social and Cultural Changes 1950s
Consumerism Domesticity
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baby boom

• 20 increase in population
• Leave city go to suburbs (possible Levitt
  builders)
• Inexpensive homes and GI bill

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Role of Women
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• Stay home focus on family
• If went to college got married then family
• In college get married drop out
• 40 of women were in workplace secretarie
  teachers, nurses
• Paid less than men
• Dissatisfaction with gives rise to womens
  movement of 1960s

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Religion
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• Rise in religious affiliation (63)
• Ben Hur The Robe
• More went to church than did not
• This even though rise in consumerism

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National Interstate and Defense Highway Act
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Leads to

• More travel
• Suburbanization
• Love affair with cars
• Motels
• Family vacations in car
• (incidentally decline of national railway system
  and public transportation)

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The American Dream
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Not available to all

• 20 in poverty
• Sharecroppers in south poor
• African Ams continue migration to north
• White flight
• More segregation

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Education
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• G.I. bill direct payment to vets to attend
  college
• Revamp public education stress reading, math,
  science
• National Defense Education Act
• Result of Sputnik
• Feared Soviets would dominate technology

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Cold War Policies

• 1945-1991
• Struggle between U.S. Soviet Union
• Propaganda and support conflicts between
  democracies and communist govts

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Truman Doctrine

• Containment of Communism
• Use finances to build economies
• Thus promote capitalism not communism

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Marshall Plan

• After WWII
• European Recovery Plan
• Technical and economic assistance to rebuild
  Europe

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NATO 1949fear of communist attack
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Warsaw Pact 1955result W. Germany joins NATO
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The Berlin Blockade

• 1948 Western zones of Germany joined
• USSR sees as threat to East
• Response block western entrance to Berlin (deep
  in communist territory)

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Berlin Airlift
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Berlin Wall
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Remembering E. German refugeekilled by border
guards
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The Korean War
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• Korea divided after WWII
• Soviet and U.S.
• 38th parallel line
• 1950 North invades South
• 1st conflict of Cold War
• War lasts 3 years
• No peace treaty ever signed

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McCarthyism

• Senator Joseph McCarthy WI
• Campaign against communists
• House UnAmerican Affairs Committee
• Accuse people of communist affiliation
• Blacklists
• Jailed, no passports, ruined careers

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The Middle East

• Palestine after WWI controlled by Brits
• Jews move to area conflict increases
• By 1936 over 1/3 Jewish
• 1948 U.N. creates state of Israel
• Holocaust draws U.S. support for same
• Arab countries try to end - lose

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Suez Canal Crisis - 1956
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• Egypt nationalizes canal
• Britain,France, and Israel not happy
• Orchestrate a conflict invade Egypt
• U.S. and Soviets broker peace deal

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P.L.O.

• Palestinian Liberation Organization
• 1964
• Take Palestine back from Israel
• Yasser Arafat
• 1967 6 day war Israel wins gets more land
• Camp David Accords 1977(Jimmy Carter) return
  land to Egypt (Begin and Sadat)

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Cuba
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Bay of Pigs Invasion

• Cuba Communist 1959 and Fidel Castro
• Cubans in U.S. wanted him out
• Invade with U.S. support in 1961
• Lose embarrass admin (Kennedy)

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Cuban Missile Crisis
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• 1962 Soviets install missiles on Cuba that
  can reach the U.S.
• U.S. response blockade of Cuba

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Vietnam Conflict (War)
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Vietnam a brief history

• Prior to WWII French colony
• WWII Japanese controlled
• After French want it back but Vietnamese had
  other plans
• U.S. supports French and Vietnamese in South -
  Soviets and Chinese support North Communists
• Divided in half

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Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

• 1964
• U.S. alleged naval ships attacked by North
  Vietnam
• Johnson sends U.S. planes against attackers
• Congress passes resolution that in effect gives
  pres a blank check to pursue the war

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• That the Congress approves and supports the
  determination of the President, as Commander in
  Chief, to take all necessary measures to repel
  any armed attack against the forces of the United
  States and to prevent further aggression.

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• Sec. 3. This resolution shall expire when the
  President shall determine that the peace and
  security of the area is reasonably assured by
  international conditions created by action of the
  United Nations or otherwise, except that it may
  be terminated earlier by concurrent resolution of
  the Congress.

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Domino Theory

• If one country in S.E. Asia falls to Communism
  all will
• So we need to keep Vietnam democratic at all
  costs

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Tet Offensive

• 1968 all out attack by the North
• Turning point in war
• North loses but war comes into U.S. living
  rooms big time
• War protests grow forcing govt to rethink
• 1975 war ends

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ProtestsKent State - 1970
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Domestic Policy
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New Frontier

• Kennedy
• Raise minimum wage
• Peace Corps
• Alliance for Progress (South America)
• Pushes space program forward

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Great Society

• LBJ (Johnson)
• More money for public education
• Civil rights legislation
• War on poverty
• Medicare and medicaid

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Richard Nixon

• EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)
• Protect parks and wildlife
• OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health
  Administration)
• National speed limit to 55 (1973)

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Détente

• Easing of bad feelings between U.S. and Soviets
• Nixon normalizes relations between U.S. and China
• Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
• Carter Doctrine no foreign power should control
  Persian Gulf (oil)
• 1981 Iranian Hostage Crisis

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Racial and Gender Equality
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Some Background

• FDR Fair Employment Practices Commission
  forbade discrimination in workplace during
  wartime peacetime went away
• Truman desegregates military after WWII

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Civil Rights Movement

• Goal end segregation
• Plessy v Ferguson 1896 separate but equal OK
• 1954 Brown v Board of Ed overturns Plessy
  decision its not OK
• So to next level not OK in ed. not OK anywhere
  - sit ins, marches, etc. to protest

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Central High School, Little Rock, AR
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1962 James MeredithUniversity of Mississippi
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Montgomery Bus Boycott
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March on Washington 1963
http//www.mlkonline.net/sounds/dream2.ram
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• Civil Rights Act of 1964
• ended legal discrimination based on race
• Voting Rights Act of 1965
• poll taxes out literacy test out

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The Womens Movement
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• Inspired by Civil Rights movement (as was
  anti-war movement of Vietnam era)

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Betty Friedan Feminine Mystique

• - define problem that has no name
• - more to life than marriage and children

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Gloria Steinem

• Ms magazine
• Awareness of womens issues
• NOW National Organization for Women
• End institutional discrimination in workplace
• Awareness of stereotypes of women

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ERA Equal Rights Amendment

• First proposed 1920s
• End discrimination based on gender
• Passed Senate but not ¾ of states
• So no federal law but some states have

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Roe v Wade - 1973

• Supreme Court decision about abortion
• Ruled 14th amendment guaranteed privacy
• Medical decisions are private decisions

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Other Movements

• Native American
• Americans with disabilities
• Mexican American farm workers leader Cesar
  Chavez

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Migration