The Coming of World War II

1
The Coming of World War II

• Notes Chapter 25 Section 1

Objective
Trace the changes in American policy from
isolationism to involvement in the war in Europe
and Asia.
2
Rise of Dictators

• Rise of dictatorships during 1920s in Germany,
  Italy, and Japan
• Fascism
• -totalitarian organization of government and
  society by a single-party dictatorship, intensely
  nationalist, racist, militarist, and imperialist

3
Fascism

• Fasces
• A Latin word referring to a bundle of sticks
  bound to the handle of an axe.

4
Characteristics Fascism

• Censorship
• No criticism of the government
• Schools teach fascist philosophy
• No individual freedom

5
Characteristics Fascism

• Private ownership
• Fascist powers look back in history to their
  nations great and glorious past.
• War is the most noble goal of man- Hitler

6
Communism v. Fascism

• Poor and underdeveloped countries Russia and
  China
• Pre-democratic
• Coercive way of industrializing an underdeveloped
  society

• Wealthier and advanced technology German,
  Italy, and Japan
• Post-democratic
• Based on brutality and mass support the more
  brutal, the more popular
• Propaganda
• Appealed to industrialists and land owners and
  lower middle class
• Opposed communism

7
Italy Benito Mussolini

• Short changed in Treaty of Versailles gained
  few territories
• 1919 formed Fascist party with other veterans
• Wanted to restore the former glory that was Romes

8
Mussolini Il Duce

• 1922 threatened to march on Rome unless his
  authority was recognized
• King Victor Emmanuel III asked him to become
  prime minister

9
1925 declared dictatorship

• Efficiency and order would make Italy great
• Suspended elections
• Centralized the economy
• Modernized the military
• Make the Mediterranean an Italian Sea Attacked
  Ethiopia in 1935

10
Hitler

• Corporal in WWI
• Enraged at Germanys defeat and terms of
  Versailles Treaty
• National Socialist German Workers Party Nazi
• Fascist
• Anti-Semite

11
Munich Putsche

• November 1923
• Attempted to seize Munich government
• Guilty of high treason
• Sentenced to 5 years
• Served 9 months
• Wrote Mein Kampf

12
Mein Kampf

• Book written while Hitler was jailed
• Diagnosed Germanys problems and how to cure them
• Expressed hatred for the Jews and Slavic people
• Hatred for communism
• Said Germany needed Lebensraum

13
Anti-Semitism

• Hatred of the Jews
• Blamed Jews for Germanys problems
• Germans were the Master Race
• Ordered boycott of Jewish shops, burned books,
  imprisoned Jews in concentration camps

14
Conditions in Germany

• People had little faith in the weak existing
  democratic government
• A multi-party system hindered the growth of a
  strong center party
• Fear of communism
• Avenge defeat of WWI
• Unemployment severe, inflation, depression
• German middle class hungered for stability even
  at the cost of liberty
• Police and military high command offered no
  serious opposition when Nazis used strong-arm
  methods to gain control

15
Rise to Power

• 1920 National Socialist Workers Party
• 1923 Tried to seize Munich?jailed for 9 months
• Promised to stabilize country and rebuild economy
• Promised to revive German Empire
• 1933 Nazis largest party in Reichstag
• Hitler named chancellor

16
Hitler Seizes Power

• Reichstag burns down
• Hitler suspended civil liberties
• Received dictatorial powers
• New government Third Reich
• Der Fuhrer

17
How fortunate for leaders that men do not
think. - A. Hitler
18
Book burning - May 10, 1933
19
Hitler Repudiates the Treaty of Versailles

1. Insisted on equality of arms
2. Announced withdrawal from League of Nations
3. 1935 announced rearmament of Germany

20
The Nuremberg Rally
21
German Propaganda Posters
"Hitler is building. Help him. Buy German goods."
22
Hitler strengthens his power

• 1933 Concentration camps
• 1935 The Nuremberg Laws
• 1938 Kristallnacht The Night of Broken
  Glass

23
The Nuremberg Laws Nazi Racial Legislation

• Laws designed to
• - Purify Germany
• - Define citizenship
• - Define the position of
• Jews in the Third Reich.

24
The Nuremberg Laws Nazi Racial Legislation

• A few examples 1933-1939
• suspends Jewish doctors from the citys charity
  services.
• removes Jews from government service.
• The Gun Law excludes Jewish gun merchants.
• invalidates all German passports held by Jews.
• Jews must surrender their old passports, which
  will become valid only after the letter J had
  been stamped on them.
• Exclusion of Jews from German Economic Life
  closes all Jewish-owned businesses.
• expels all Jewish children from public schools.
• restricts the freedom of movement of Jews.

25
Jim Crow LawsUS Racial Legislation

• A few examples
• Nurses No person or corporation shall require any
  white female nurse to nurse in wards or rooms in
  hospitals, either public or private, in which
  negro men are placed. Alabama
• Education The schools for white children and the
  schools for negro children shall be conducted
  separately. Florida
• Intermarriage It shall be unlawful for a white
  person to marry anyone except a white person. Any
  marriage in violation of this section shall be
  void. Georgia
• Textbooks Books shall not be interchangeable
  between the white and colored schools, but shall
  continue to be used by the race first using them.
  North Carolina
• Lunch Counters No persons, firms, or
  corporations, who or which furnish meals to
  passengers at station restaurants or station
  eating houses, in times limited by common
  carriers of said passengers, shall furnish said
  meals to white and colored passengers in the same
  room, or at the same table, or at the same
  counter. South Carolina

26
1938 Kristallnacht "Night of Broken Glass"

• Jewish teenager murders a German official in
  Paris
• Violent pogrom (persecution) against Germanys
  Jews
• Initiated on the 15th anniversary of the failed
  Munich putsch.
• 1,000 synagogues burned 7,000 Jewish businesses
  looted
• Jewish cemeteries, hospitals, schools homes
  looted
• 30,000 arrested for being Jewish
• Jewish business not allowed to reopen
• Curfews on Jews leaving their homes

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1931-32 World EventsJapan invades Manchuria
Shanghai

• American Response
• Diplomatic protest
• No Action

31
Japan

• Wanted to be a world power
• Chain of islands in Pacific
• Limited resources
• Japan needed raw materials for industrial economy
• Depended upon the U.S. for iron, coal, and
  petroleum

32
Japanese Resentment

• Material dependency
• Lack of gains from Treaty of Versailles
• 1922 Washington Naval Disarmament Treaty
• Restrictions on immigration to US
• High U.S. tariffs prohibited Japanese imports to
  U.S.
• Led to prolonged depression in Japan

33
Two factions in Japan

• Moderates wanted strict observance of treaties
  and conciliations to U.S.
• Militarists wanted an end to the power of the
  West in the W. Pacific

34
Greater Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere

• Japanese Monroe Doctrine
• Japan announces interest in maintenance of order
  in the W. Pacific
• 1931 Japan attacked Manchuria
• 1932 Japan controlled Manchuria
• Set up a puppet government
• Manchukuo
• League of Nations condemned Japanese aggression
• Japan withdraws from the League

35
1935World EventItaly invades Ethiopia

• American Response
• The Neutrality Acts are passed

36
Italo Ethiopian War 1935-36

• Italy attacked primitive Ethiopia with a modern
  air force
• Emperor Haille Salasi appealed to the L of N

37
Italy Ethiopia

• 1935 Italy invades the African nation of Ethiopia
• More empty threats by League
• 1936 Ethiopia falls

38
League branded Italy the aggressor

• Minor economic sanctions
• Failed to embargo oil
• Italy conquered and annexed Ethiopia

39
American Response Isolationism

• Disillusioned by WWI
• 70 polled feel WWI a mistake
• Nye Committee merchants of death
• College students
• 39 refuse to fight
• 33 only if US attacked
• Nationwide student strike opposing war prep
• Spans political spectrum
• Keep America Out - unionists
• America First Committee Henry Ford Charles
  Lindbergh denounced any move by the govt
  toward involvement

40
The Neutrality Acts

• Designed to keep the US out of war
• 1935 Banned war supplies
• 1935 Forbid travel
• 1936 Prohibited loans
• 1937 Included the Spanish CW
• 1939 cash-and-carry
• Replaced by lend-lease

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Neutrality Acts

• Designed to avoid the same issues that caused
  U.S. to enter WWI
• 1st Neutrality Act
• Prohibited sale of war implements to belligerents
• Prohibited loans to belligerents
• Prohibited Am. from sailing on ships of
  belligerents
• Restricted entry of U.S. merchant ships into war
  zones

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1936World EventGermany rearms sends troops
into the Rhineland

• American Response
• Britain, France U.S.
• No action

44
1936 The Axis PowersGermany - Italy

• Rome-Berlin Axis
• Supporting parallel interests

45
The Axis Powers

• Axis- a straight line around which a geometric
  figure can rotate.
• Draw a line between Rome Berlin The two
  dictators wanted the rest of Europe to revolve
  around their regimes.

46
1936World EventCivil War in SpainGeneral
Francisco Franco
Guernica, Picasso 1937

• American Response
• Neutrality Acts amended

47
Spanish Civil War

• 1936-37
• Rebels army, Churchmen, fascists Franco and
  Nationalist forces
• Govt of Spain (The Republic) anticlericals,
  industrial workers, socialists, and communists,
  foreign volunteers
• Italy and Germany sent volunteers to help the
  Nationalist
• Franco rules from 1939 until his death in 1975

48
Spanish Civil War

• 27 nations involved
• England and France embargoed arms to both sides
  because of danger of world war
• Majority of Am. refused to take sides
• Minority of Am. supported loyalists Abraham
  Lincoln Brigade
• U.S. invoked neutrality laws and refused to sell
  arms
• Dress rehearsal for WWII

49

• This nation will remain a neutral nation I
  hate war I hope the United States will keep out
  of this war. I believe this is wise.
• - President Roosevelt
• Fireside Chat, Aug. 14,1936

50
1937World EventJapan begins full scale
invasion of China WW II officially starts in
Asia

• American Response
• Diplomatic protest
• Congress appropriates 1 billion to expand the
  navy

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Japanese aggression

• 1937 Invasion of Northern China
• Captures Nanjing and slaughters 300,000 Chinese
  civilians
• Believe America is weak
• Neutral position on Manchurian Crisis
• Steps toward Philippine independence
• Efforts toward American Naval disarmament

52
Undeclared War

• July, 1937 an undeclared war on China
• Americans are sympathetic and do not invoke
  neutrality laws
• FDR Quarantine Speech denounced aggressor
  nations and asked peace-loving nations to
  preserve order, as a community approves and
  joins in quarantine against disease

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Germany annexesAustria (Anschluss)
SudetenlandThe Munich Pact is signed

• 1938World Events

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Munich Conference

• 1938
• Great Britain and France met with Hitler
• Hitler promises Sudetenland last territorial
  claim
• PM Chamberlain of G.B. said We have won peace
  in our time.
• Appeasement Keeps the peace by giving in to
  Hitlers demands
• Emboldens Hitler

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The Munich Pact
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1939World Event

• Germany invades Czechoslovakia
• Stalin Hitler sign a Non-Aggression Pact
• Hitler invades Poland from the west
• Stalin invades from the east
• Poland
• Estonia
• Latvia
• Lithuania
• Finland

57
Blitzkrieg (lightning war)

• Germany attacks Poland Sept. 1, 1939
• G.B. and France declare war against Germany
  Sept. 3, 1939.

58
1939 American Response

• The Neutrality Acts are amended to cash carry

59
1940 World Event

• Germany invades Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium
  France
• WW II officially starts in Europe
• Blitzkrieg
• Dunkirk
• The Battle for Britain

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1940 American Response

• Selective Service Act
• Destroyers for Bases Deal
• Lend-Lease Plan

61
Arsenal of Democracy

• Roosevelt moved to help Great Britain PM
  Winston Churchill asked for destroyers to convoy
  supplies across the Atlantic
• FDR gave 50 old American ships in return for
  sites on which to build 8 naval and air bases
• Lend lease The U.S. will lend-lease goods to
  any country whose defense is necessary for the
  defense of U.S.

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Fall of France

• Maginot Line
• Germans invade through the Ardennes Forest
• Italy declares war against France

63
Evacuation Miracle at Dunkirk 338,000 British
soldiers saved
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Fall of Paris

• Occupied France German occupied north and west
  disarmed
• Vichy France Marshall Petain collaborationist
  regime
• Free French led by Charles de Gaulle escapes to GB

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The Axis PowersGermany - Italy - Japan

• 1940 Tripartite Pact
• Rome Berlin Tokyo Axis

66
Japan sought control of SE Asia

• 1940 began to attack European possessions in SE
  Asia
• 1940 signed an alliance with Germany and Italy
• 1941 invaded southern Indo-China a colony of
  France

67
Election of 1940

• Democrats drafted FDR Henry Wallace was his
  running mate
• Wendell Wilkie nominated by the Republicans
• Issues
• Third term
• Intervention
• FDR won an unprecedented third term

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1941World Event

• German invasion of the USSR
• Operation Barbarossa

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Battle of Britain

• Round the clock bombing
• Ultra and the development of radar
• Role of RAF
• Operation Sea Lion - Postponed

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We shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may
be. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall
fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in
the fields, and in the streets, we shall fight on
the hills we shall never surrender W. Churchill
73
Atlantic Charter (1941)

• Roosevelt and Churchill identify common
  principles
• Freedom from fear, want, and tyranny
• Condemned aggression
• Free trade
• Affirmed national self-determination
• Disarmament
• Collective security
• Foundation for UN

74
Undeclared War in the Atlantic

• Germans cut off England
• wolf packs hunt Am. supply ships
• September, 1941 US destroyer Greer attacked
• Oct. 31 destroyer Reuben James sunk with 115
  crew members
• Summer 1941 10,000 tons of Allied ships sank
  daily
• FDR ordered US ships to shoot German subs on
  sight
• Ordered our merchant ships to be armed
• U.S. began to convoy ships

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1941 American Response

• FDR The Four Freedoms Speech

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Freedom From Fear
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Freedom From Want
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Freedom of Speech
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Freedom of Worship
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• Sunday morning,
• Dec. 7, 1941

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Pearl Harbor

• Tension between U.S. and Japan 1940 the U.S.
  stopped selling airplanes to Japan terminated
  trade agreements- embargoed scrap metal and oil
  to Japan
• Japan attacked French Indo-China U.S. froze
  Japanese assets in U.S.
• U.S. naval fleet in Pearl Harbor stood in the way
  of Japanese dominance in Asia and Pacific

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Pearl Harbor
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Pearl Harbor Ford Island
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The Attack

• Knock out the Pacific fleet before and all-out
  military conflict
• Dec. 7, 1941
• Lost 5 battleships, 3 cruisers, several smaller
  vessels, 200 airplanes, 2,400 people
• Missed Aircraft carriers
• Dec. 8 U.S. declared war on Japan
• Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S.

87
The Pearl Harbor attack

• The largest surprise attack in history
• 353 planes Launched from 274 miles away
• Two waves
• 1st 753 AM -183 planes 2nd 840 AM -170
  planes

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Pearl Harbor The damages

• 2,400 dead
• 1,200 wounded
• 8 battleships
• 3 destroyers
• 3 cruisers
• 188 planes

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Japanese photo of the Pearl Harbor attack
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USS SHAW
Battleships USS WEST VIRGINIA USS TENNESSEE
USS CALIFORNIA
USS ARIZONA
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USS CALIFORNIA
USS OKLAHOMA
USS WEST VIRGINIA (left) USS ARIZONA (right)
USS NEVADA beached
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P-40 - WHEELER ARMY AIR FIELD
Destroyers USS CASSIN USS DOWNES
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WHEELER ARMY AIR FIELD
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B-17- HICKAM ARMY AIR BASE
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Map of the Axis Powers 1942
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• I fear that all we have done is awaken a
  sleeping giant, and fill him with a terrible
  resolve."
• - General Yamato of the Imperial Japanese Navy

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FDR requests a declaration of war
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Pearl Harbor

• "Yesterday, Dec. 7, 1941 - a date which will live
  in infamy - the United States of America was
  suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and
  air forces of the Empire of Japan."
• -Franklin Roosevelt, December 8, 1941

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"...Every single man, woman, and child is
partnerin the most tremendous undertaking of our
history."FDR
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A Global War Dec. 11 1941

• Germany Italy declare war on the U.S.
• Hitler declares war against the half Judaized
  and the other half Negrified America
• The U.S. acknowledges a state of war

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Aerial photo USS Arizona Memorial