Role of Dietary Methionine in Poultry Production

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Role of Dietary Methionine in Poultry Production
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Summarized Presented ByAhmed M. Al-Zahrani
PhD studentAnimal Science DepartmentAdvance
Poultry NutritionAdvisor prof. Tariq Shafey
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Contents

• Introduction
• Source of Methionine
• Comparative Bioeffcacy of DLM and LMA
•  Absorption and Transportation
•  Interrelationship between Methionine and Other
  Nutrients
• Dietary Cyst(e)ine and Sulfur
• Methyl Donors
• Protein Level in the Diet

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Contents

• Methionine and Heat Stress.
• Effect of Methionine on the Immune System
• Methionine Requirement
• Broiler Chickens
• Laying Hens
• Conclusions

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Introduction
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This presentation

• Effects of supplementation
• Effects of DLM and LMA sources.

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Importance of Methionine

• EAS for protein synthesis.
• methyl donor group.
• precursor in metabolic pathways.
• Involved in polyamine synthesis.
• As a sulfur donor.
• Enhance production.
• First limiting amino acid
• Reduce cost.

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• Balance of EAA help to
• Enhances growth.
• Maximizes edible meat yield.
• Reduces carcass fat.
• Balance animals nutrient intake.
• ? Methionine
• Impair body weight gain.
• 0.5 ? not harmful to broiler chicks fed
  corn-soybean meal diets.

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De?ciency has a signi?cant negative impact

• Growth.
• Metabolic disorder.
• Disease.

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• Why more methionine supp. required?
• Because
• The need for plant protein source? instead of
  animal protein.
• Using byproducts of seed oil ?
• Used in two forms
• DLM.
• HMTBA Hydroxy Methyle Thio Butanic Acid.

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Source of Methionine
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• Synthesis Methionine produced from propylene (a
  petroleum derivative).
• DLM LMA is known as
• DL-Methionine (DLM powder form).
• DL-2-hydroxy-4-methyl butanoic acid
• LMA liquid 88
• powder 84

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HMTBA DLM
88 DL-HMTBA, 12 water (Liquid ) 84 DL-HMBTA 16 Calcium Soult (powder) 99 DL-methionine
Organic acid amino acid precursor Amino-acid precursor
Absorbed by diffusion along entire GIT Absorbed by carrier in small intestine
L-isomer converted in the peroxisomes L-isomer directly active
D-isomer converted in the mitochondria D-isomer converted in the peroxisomes
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Comparative Bioeffcacy of DLM and LMA 
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• Bioavailability of LMA compared with DLM in
  65-90.
• Bioavailability difference of DLM LMA remain
  unclear.
• Biological efficiencies of LMA were 81 and 79
  of the values for DLM, on an equimolar basis,
  for weight gain and feed conversion ratio,
  respectively.
• LMA is an acceptable source of methionine (88
  bioefficacy) for broiler chicks.

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• Regression analysis revealed that
• LMA as efficacious as pure DLM on an as-fed
  basis, was
• meanwhile LMA as efficacious as DLM on a
  weight-for- weight was

68 (weight gain) 67 (feed conversion) 62 (carcass yield) 64 (breast meat yield)
72 (weight gain) 51 (feed conversion), 48 (carcass yield) 60 (breast yield)
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• The effects of dietary treatments
• on growth performance
• of male broiler chickens from 0-6 weeks of age

Basal diet DLM Relative bioefficacy of LMA to DLM Relative bioefficacy of LMA to DLM Relative bioefficacy of LMA to DLM Relative bioefficacy of LMA to DLM
Basal diet DLM 76 80 84 88
Initial weight (g) 38.6 38.6 38.6 38.6 38.6 38.6
Final weight (g) 2.376a 2.725b 2.721b 2.789b 2.735b 2.804b
Weight gain (g) 2.338a 2.687b 2.682b 2.751b 2.697b 2.765b
Feed intake (g/day) 4.030a 4.277b 4.268b 4.491b 4.319b 4.498b
Feed conversion ratio 1.72a 1.59b 1.59b 1.63b 1.60b 1.63b
Mortality () 0.00 0.00 1.33 0.67 1.33 3.33
Uniformity () 88.08 90.44ab 90.19ab 92.31b 90.65b 91.61b
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• comparing the gain-response curve to dietary
  levels of LMA and DLM
• Both have different dose-response forms.
• LMA outperforms DLM at commercial levels, whereas
  DLM outperforms LMA at de?cient levels.

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Absorption and Transportation 
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Absorption Transportation
Absorption and transportation of methionine are complicated processes. Absorption and transportation of methionine are complicated processes.
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Absorption
Absorbe through the small intestine.
The absorption of dipolar amino acids such as L-methionine by the small intestine (brush- border membrane vesicles) in chicken is mediated by multiple pathways.
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Absorption
Methionine uptake capacity in both the duodenum and jejunum ? between hatching and 7d. remained constant between 7 and 14d. so they assume that from 7d feed intake may be the major factor controlling nutrient uptake in chicks.
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Absorption
? Methionine ? ? uptake of methionine and other nutrients.
L-lysine uptake is strongly inhibited by ? methionine.
? SAA affects organic bone matrix metabolism.
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Absorption
L-methionine absorption may be accomplished by both concentration and energy- dependent processes. while the absorption of LMA is concentration-dependent.
The small intestine has similar capacities to absorb LMA and L- methionine.
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Transport

• What How?
• The cell membrane consists of 2 layers of protein
  molecules enclosing a middle layer of lipid (fat)
  molecules.
• Many tiny openings or pores.
• The cell membrane is famous for its selective
  permeability.
• The processes to pass cell membrane (Diffusion,
  active transport ingestion)

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Transportation
L-methionine is transported by a single Na -dependent mechanism.
? methionine down regulates speci?c transport mechanisms of the small intestine involved in the apical L-methionine transport.
By focusing on differences between methionine sources, different multiple transport systems appear to be involved in transporting both DLM and LMA.
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Interrelationship between Methionine and Other
NutrientsDietary Cyst(e)ine andSulfur Methyl
DonorsProtein Level in the Diet
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Dietary Cyst(e)ine and Sulfur

• Methionine have many interrelationships with
  other nutrients.
• WHY?
• because many metabolic pathways and other
  nutrients (cystine, choline, betain, vitamin B6,
  vitamin B12, and folate) involve methionine.
• The molar efficacies of methionine, 1/2 cystine
  and cysteine were the same.
• Poultry require meth. cysteine for protein
  synthesis.

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Methyl Donors

• Methionine, betaine and choline are methyl
  donors that play important roles in methylation
  reactions.
• Eeffect of methionine is unique and other methyl
  donors could not substitute for methionine.

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Protein Level in the Diet

• Level of methionine depend on the protein
  concentration.
• TSAA level depends on the dietary protein level.
  It does not change with age when it is expressed
  in terms of dietary protein.
• Broiler chicks requirement for TSAA increased
  with increasing dietary protein concentrations.
• The amino acid requirements tended to ? as
  protein content ?.

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• In laying hens when the ratio of protein
  methionine was kept constant-
• Methionine sup. to (18 CP) ? egg production.
• Methionine sup. To (14 and 16 CP) ?
  production.
• ? cysteine content by ? dietary protein ? ?
  methionine requirement.

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Methionine and Heat Stress
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• ? temp. ? ? feed intake to maintain homeothermy.
• Imbalance amino acid or methionine de?ciency ? ?
  heat production when temp. is ?.
• Raising broiler at ? temp. requires higher TSAA.
• Dietary protein produces a ? heat increment. So
  we need to replace it with essential amino acids
  during ? temp.

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• ? limiting amino acid or protein content in the
  diet negatively affects production performance.
• Arg Lys, methionine source and duration of
  exposure to heat stress affected protein
  utilization in hyperthermic birds.
• Methionine to a low-protein diet ? ? mortality of
  hens under heat stress.

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Effects of additional methionine in low-protein
diet on production performance of laying hens
from 24 to 44 weeks of age under heat stress
(35C)
Item Control (16 CP) 0.38 Met Low-CP diet (14 CP) Low-CP diet (14 CP) Low-CP diet (14 CP) Low-CP diet (14 CP)
Item Control (16 CP) 0.38 Met 0.44 Met 0.38 Met 0.30 Met 0.26 Met
Feed intake (g/day) 98.14a 99.98a 99.73a 98.21a 87.85b
Protein intake (g/day) 15.70a 14.00b 13.96b 13.75b 12.30c
Met intake (mg/day) 372.94b 439.93a 378.96b 294.64c 228.40d
Egg production () 75.60a 74.76a 72.51b 69.16b 65.24c
Egg weight (g) 54.92a 54.82a 55.22a 54.43a 50.80b
Egg mass (g/hen/day) 42.05a 40.98b 40.41b 37.64c 33.34d
FCR (g feed /g egg) 2.33c 2.43b 2.47b 2.60a 2.63a
Mortality () 8.22b 5.87c 5.89c 6.07b 11.75a
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• Net absorption during heat of LMA was
  signi?cantly ? than DLM (broiler chicks 21 to
  42 days of age).
• At ? temp. (35C)
• length and weight of the small intestine ?.
• Absorption rate of both methionine sources ?
  compared to that under thermoneutral
  conditions (22C). They also suggested a higher
  absorption velocity for DLM than that for LMA.
• Uptake utilization in heat-stressed birds into
  
• intestinal epithelial cells were
• ? for DLM but not for LMA.

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Effect of Methionine on the Immune System
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• High methionine supplementation promotes good
  health for poultry.
• For example
• improved leukocyte migration inhibition,
  cellular immune response and humoral immune
  response.
• ? blood serum total protein, albumin,
  globulin and antibody response to
  Newcastle disease virus.

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• Methionine overcome growth depression.
• TSAA supp. of diets containing a?atoxin improved
  performance in chickens. 
• ? (DLM and LMA) ? ? intestinal populations of
  Clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens. and
  may ? the risk of necrotic enteritis.
• The toxicity of LMA was low relative to DLM.

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Methionine Requirement Broiler Chickens Laying
Hens
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Broiler Chickens
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• Feed consumption is mainly controlled by
  dietary energy.
• Level and balance of (EAA) signi?cantly affected
  feed intake, consequent weight gain and carcass
  composition.
• Broiler chicks react to amino acid de?ciencies
  within a short period (hours) by adjusting
  feed intake.

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• TSAA requirement ? than methionine
• for
• maximum feed utilization and breast meat yield
• than
• for obtaining maximum weight gain.
• based on the feed conv. ratio in broilers
• 0.95 TSAA most pro?table if grown to 1.7 kg.
• 0.85 TSAA most pro?table if grown to 2.2 kg.

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• Genetic diversity in?uences the methionine
  utilization.
• Different strains require different amounts of
  methionine.
• ? Methionine ?
• ? breast meat.
• ? abdominal fat pad.
• due to a good balance of AA

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Broiler nutrition recommendations according to
the nutrition guideline of strains
Strain Stage Nutritional recommendation () Nutritional recommendation () Nutritional recommendation () Nutritional recommendation () Relative to lysine Relative to lysine
Strain Stage TSAA TSAA Methionine Methionine TSAA Meth.
Strain Stage Totel Digest Totel Digest TSAA Meth.
Ross 308 Starter 1.07 0.94 0.51 0.47 74 38
Ross 308 Grower 0.95 0.84 0.45 0.42 76 38
Ross 308 Finisher 0.60 0.76 0.41 0.38 78 39
Cobb Starte 0.98 0.86 0.56 0.50 74 38
Cobb Growe 0.96 0.84 0.53 0.48 75 40
Cobb Finisher1 0.88 0.77 0.48 0.43 78 41
Cobb Finisher2 0.80 0.7 0.44 0.40 78 41
ArborAcres Starter 0.97 0.86 0.53 0.46 71 39
ArborAcres Growe 0.85 0.75 0.46 0.41 72 39
ArborAcres Finisher1 0.78 0.69 0.42 0.37 73 39
ArborAcres Finisher2 0.77 0.68 0.42 0.37 76 41
NRC (1994) Starter 0.90 - 0.50 - 82 46
NRC (1994) Growe 0.72 - 0.38 - 72 38
NRC (1994) Finisher 0.60 - 0.32 - 71 38
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Laying Hens
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• Methionine expressed as mg/day.
• NRC (1994) reported
• Above 413 mg/day ?
• ? Albumen total solids and protein.
• At 507 and 556 mg/day ?
• ? yolk protein compared to 413

Strain Meth (mg) TSAA (mg)
White-egg hens 300 580
brown egg type 330 645
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• Investigators found the following
• White-egg laying hens require ? TSAA than
  brown-egg laying hens.
• Commercial laying hens require ? TSAA than
  the NRC (1994) recommendation.

Hen Requirement Meth (mg/d) TSAA (mg/d)
Hen Requirement 424 - 440 740 - 811
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• The requirement for maximum egg production is
  ? than for maximum feed utilization.
• And the requirement for egg quality is ? than
  for egg production and feed utilization.
• Methionine intake should be ? than 420 mg/day to
  maximize the quantity and quality of egg
  production.

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Conclusions

• Methionine is important for poultry production.
• Level should carefully considered.
• Requirement to support immune system is high
  because it is needed for protein synthesis to
  produce some antioxidants.
• Absorption and utilization of DLM and LMA under
  heat stress is unclear (complicated.)
• In normal situations, LMA can be used as a
  source of methionine.