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FOSSIL FUELS

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... NOx/SOx, CO2, , oil spills, wildlife habitats Natural gas +: no pollution from NOx and SOx, high ... LDC Fossil fuels Fossil fuel formation COAL Grades ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: FOSSIL FUELS


1
FOSSIL FUELS
  • CH. 10

CHAPTER 10
2
  • political and environmental issue
  • OPEC largely Arab countries Organization of
    Petroleum Exporting Countries
  • 1973 restricted import into US. ahhhhh!!!!
  • Strategic Petroleum Reserve prevent crisis
    during f.f. interruption 1 billion barrels

3
  • 1970s US conserved drove less, bought fewer
    cars, used less heat/air
  • 1980s oil prices low and consumption is high
  • 1990s continued foreign dependence
  • Current more non OPEC suppliers, cheap energy,
    HIGH US consumption large vehicles, larger
    energy-sucking homes (high ceilings, central air,
    hot tubs, etc.), increased speed limits from 55
    mph
  • 55 US oil imported
  • Supplies wont last forever

4
HDC v. LDC
  • 20 of population using 60 of energy
  • 1 person in HDC 8 in LDC
  • Ex agriculture tractors v. animals in field,
    energy to make fertilizers and pesticides
  • To raise LDC standard of living usually includes
    a rise in per capita energy consumption
  • Energy in US 42 industries (making chemicals,
    minerals, food) 33 make buildings comfortable
    (heat/air, lights, hot water) 25 transportation

5
Fossil fuels
  • Coal, oil, natural gas
  • Partially decayed remnants of organism
  • Supplies most of energy in N. America
  • Other sources nuclear, solar, wind, etc.
  • Nonrenewable resource forming, but too slowly

6
Fossil fuel formation
  • Ancient climate warm with many swamps with big
    trees
  • Plant die, dont decompose well in watery grave
    no fungi in oxygen deprived env., anaerobic
    bacteria dont decay wood quickly
  • Sea level changes, sediment traps plants
  • TIME, heat, pressure ? convert nondecomposed
    plant material into carbon rich coal.
  • Oil microscopic aquatic organism died and
    decompose in sediment and create oxygen deprived
    env. ? no more decomposition. Sediment covered.
  • Natural gas (mainly methane) similar formation
    as oil, but hotter
  • Oil/natural gas are less dense than rock tend
    to move up through porous rock and accumulate
    beneath nonporous rock

7
COAL
  • Industrial Revolution of mid 18th century
  • Mainly for electricity other energy to melt
    iron during conversion to steel
  • Different grades higher heat during formation
    drier, harder, higher energy content

8
Grades of Coal
Little heat/soft Lots of heat/hard
  1. Lignite soft, little heat, little sulfur lots
    in W. US
  2. Subbituminous little heat and little sulfur,
    lots in Alaska
  3. Bituminous (soft coal) most common, sulfur!,
    lots of heat, lots in Appalachian region
  4. Anthracite (hard coal) least sulfur, highest
    heat, mostly depleted in US

9
COAL RESERVES
  • Most abundant ff
  • China, US (25), Russia, etc.
  • Last 200 years at present rate, more if deeper
    deposits become available

10
SAFETY PROBLEMS WITH COAL
  • Subsurface mining dangerous for miners (cave-ins)
  • Increased risk of cancer and black lung disease

11
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF MINING
  • Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act
    (SMCRA) 1977 requires reclamation of surface
    coal mines
  • Reshape land, spread topsoil, plant seeds/plants,
    sedimentation ponds confine sediment filled
    water, prevent acid mine drainage (rains through
    iron sulfide minerals and carries sulfuric acid
    to lakes/streams)

QUICK SUMMARY Water pollution sediment and
acid Land destruction removes topsoil/cant
grow plants/erosion/habitat loss
12
ENVIRONMENAL IMPACTS WITH BURNING COAL
  • Releases CO2 prevents heat from leaving planet
  • Possible effects melt polar ice ? raise sea
    levels and flood coastal areas, increases coastal
    erosion and increase risk of violent storms
  • Most CO2 per unit heat
  • Most air pollution
  • Mercury 1/3 of all airborne emissions
    (biomagnification!!! Consuming large fishick)
  • NOx and SOx from bituminous coal H2O ? acid
    deposition
  • Normal rain ph 5.6
  • Effects decrease aquatic animal populations,
    damage forests

13
MAKING COAL CLEANER
  • 1. Scrubbers remove sulfur. Chemical react with
    sulfur to create precipitate to settle out
    expensive 10-15 of construction costs
  • 2. Lime scrubbers H2O lime sprayed to
    neutralize sulfur dioxide creates calcium
    sulfate sludge. Landfills
  • Resource recovery
  • sell calcium sulfate (synthetic gypsum) to make
    drywall, to farmers for soil (hold water)
  • Fly ash is used to make lightweight concrete
  • 3. Electrostatic precipitator removes
    particulate matter (like fly ash)
  • 4. fluidized-bed combustion mixes crushed coal
    with limestone during combustion. Limestone
    neutralizes sulfur-dioxide ? calcium sulfate.
    Lower temperature produces less Nox
  • Produces more heat from a given amount of coal,
    less CO2 emitted per unit electricity

14
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15
Can coal ever be truly clean?
  • What does that mean anyway?
  • Clean coal

16
Clean Air Actprotects the public from air
pollutants hazardous to our health
  • Amendments of 1990
  • Reduce emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen
    oxides to reduce acid rain

17
OIL AND NATURAL GAS
  • Most of energy used in world (including US)
  • Petroleum crude oil
  • Petrochemical plastics, fertilizers, pesticides
  • Natural gas mainly methane, some butane,
    propane.
  • very little air pollutants
  • - difficult to transport b/c a gas
  • Methane generate electricity, transportation
  • Store butane, propane as liquid (liquified
    petroleum gas)

18
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19
EXTRACTION
  • Oil pumps
  • Find traps by
  • Drill test holes to obtain rock samples
  • Produce explosion and analyze sound waves

20
Fracking hydraulic fracturing
  • Water, sand, and chemicals injecting underground
    to release natural gas
  • Concerns contaminating groundwater with unknown
    chemicals and methane

21
RESERVES
  • Oil middle east over 50/ 50 years left (not
    considering industrialization of China)
  • Natural gas Russia (40) and Iran/ 150 years

22
Environmental problems with natural gas and oil
  • 1. burning the fuel CO2 (less with natural
    gas), acid deposition (not natural gas)
  • 2. production and transport
  • Exxon Valdez Alaskan Oil Spill 1989 lack of
    double hull hit reef killed birds, sea otters,
    etc.
  • Persian Gulf Oil Spill biggest in world, on
    purpose, 6 million barrels
  • Deepwater Horizon (BP) oil spill - during deep
    water drilling 5 million barrels

23
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR)
  • Debate to open to oil exploration
  • create jobs, area close by production
    declining, decrease dependence of foreign oil
  • - hurt national wildlife refuge (platforms,
    pipelines, roads, potential spills), temporary
    amount will increase future dependence

24
SYNFUELS another option for the future
  • Liquid/gas from coal or other natural sources
  • Drawbacks energy intensive to produce low net
    energy yield
  • Types
  • Methane Hydrates methane in ice (permafrost
    areas, beneath deep ocean floor) positive
    feedback (global warming)
  • Tar sands have bitumen (semi-solid oil), can
    convert bitumen to oil, mined using strip-mining
  • Oil Shale oily rock
  • Coal-to-liquid
  • Easy to transport through pipes, produce
    gasoline, can use lower grade coal, , requires
    energy

25
Keystone XL pipeline
  • Oil sands (tar sands) in Canada
  • Concerns
  • Oil spills/crossing Ogallala Aquifer
  • Extracting surface mining or injecting lots of
    steam to make less thick lots of energy (lots
    of CO2)/ Boreal forest
  • Expensive to turn into gasoline

26
Pros/cons summary
  • Coal
  • plentiful, not harmful if spilled, relative
    high energy yield
  • - erosion, acid mine drainage, hurts miners,
    NOx/SOx/CO2/mercury
  • Oil
  • cheap, versatile, high energy yield
  • - NOx/SOx, CO2, , oil spills, wildlife
    habitats
  • Natural gas
  • no pollution from NOx and SOx, high energy
    yield
  • - highly explosive, hard to transport (pipes
    carry risk of leaks/explosions), methane (CH4 is
    a greenhouse gas and ozone destroyer), least
    amount CO2

27
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