Supporting International Collaborations

1

• Supporting International Collaborations
• for U.S. researchers at the
• National Science Foundation
• South Carolina Universities Workshop,
• Clemson University
• April 20, 2007

Wayne Patterson Program Manager for Developing
Countries Office of International Science and
Engineering National Science Foundation
2
Outline

• Introduction to NSF
• International Collaboration at NSF
• Support for Faculty
• Programs for Postdoctoral researchers
• Programs for students

3
Outline

• Introduction to NSF
• International Collaboration at NSF
• Support for Faculty
• Programs for Postdoctoral researchers
• Programs for students

4
NSF in a Nutshell

• Independent USG Agency
• Funds basic research education
• Uses peer-reviewed grant mechanism
• Low overhead highly automated grant management
  processes

• Discipline-based structure
• Bottom-up proposal driven
• Cross-disciplinary mechanisms
• Use of Rotators/IPAs
• National Science Board

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NSF Role in Research and Development Fiscal Year
2004
Total U.S. National RD - 312B
Total Federal RD Obligations
101B
Other
6
NSF
4
Other
Industry
96
Federal
64
30
Total Federal Basic Research 27B
Total Federal Academic Basic Research -
14B
NSF
NSF
21
Other
13
Other
79
87
Latest complete data currently available
6

• NSF Funding

• FY06 Budget 95 awards, 5 administration
• Each year NSF receives over 41,000 proposals and
  about 10,000 new awards are made (23 funding
  rate)
• The average annual research grant is 3 years at
  140,000/year.
• Awards are made to over 2,000 US colleges,
  universities and other research institutions.

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NSF Support for Basic Research at Academic
Institutions Share of Total Federal Support - FY
2004 Preliminary
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NSF funding for South Carolina Universities

• Survey of South Carolina NSF-funded universities
• 17 universities, 4 technical colleges, 10 other
  awardees
• Total of 320 active NSF awards
• Total value of these 217,679,626
• 44 (13.8) involving international collaboration
• Only 6 (1.9) in the Office of International
  Science and Engineering

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Numbers of Awards in SC
Institution Total of Awards of Intl Awards of OISE Awards
University of South Carolina 139 23 2
Clemson 100 15 2
College of Charleston 22 3 0
Coastal Carolina U 6 1 1
Furman 6 0 0
MUSC 6 1 0
Florence-Darlington Tech 4 0 0
Tetramer 4 0 0
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Value of Awards in SC
Institution Total Value of Awards Value of Intl Awards Value of OISE Awards
Clemson 56,282,940 2,395,052 59,342
University of South Carolina 38,747,305 6,350,317 50,722
South Carolina State 5,141,595 - -
College of Charleston 4,050,035 574,622 -
Florence-Darlington Tech 3,623,525 - -
Claflin 2,708,225 - -
MUSC 2,024,214 539,046 -
Morris 1,630,305 - -
Allen 1,545,162 - -
Coastal Carolina 1,097,180 85,000 85,000
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Where in the World is South Carolina?

• India
• Italy
• Japan
• Korea
• Kyrgyzstan
• Mexico
• Mongolia
• Nepal
• Peru
• Russia
• South Africa
• Spain
• Switzerland
• Turkey
• United Kingdom
• Venezuela

• Antartica
• Argentina
• Armenia
• Belarus
• Belgium
• Brazil
• Bulgaria
• Central America
• China
• Colombia
• Domenica
• East Asia and Pacific
• Ecuador
• France
• Germany
• Hungary

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Or
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What happens to your proposal when it arrives at
NSF?
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Proposal Review Criterion Intellectual Merit

• Potential to advance knowledge within and
  across fields
• Qualifications of investigators
• Creativity and originality
• Conceptualization and organization
• Access to resources

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Proposal Review Criterion Broader Impacts

• Promoting of teaching, training and learning
• Participation of underrepresented groups
• (race, gender, geographic distribution, type of
  institution )
• Enhancement of infrastructure for research and
  education
• Dissemination of results
• Benefits to society
• International collaboration

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Grantsmanship

• Know yourself Know your area of expertise, what
  are your strengths and what are your weaknesses
  PUT YOUR BEST FOOT FORWARD LITERATURE RESEARCH
• Know the program from which you seek support.
• Read the program announcement specific goals and
  specific requirements

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Grantsmanship (cont)

• Formulate an appropriate research objective - a
  methodical process of building upon previous
  knowledge to derive or discover new knowledge
• Develop a viable research plan doable within a
  reasonable budget and in a reasonable time
• State your research objective clearly in your
  proposal
• Frame your project around the work of others
• Grammar and spelling check

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Grantsmanship (cont)

• Format and brevity are important page limit
• Know the review process Proposals - by panels
  must be written to a broader audience
• Proofread your proposal before it is sent Many
  proposals are sent out with idiotic mistakes,
  omissions, and errors of all sorts.
• Submit your proposal on time DONT WAIT UNTIL
  THE LAST MINUTE
• Send proposals to other sources build your team
• Volunteer to be a panelist

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References for grant writing

• www.nsf.gov study programs, active awards,
  initiatives, etc
• TWELVE STEPS TO A WINNING RESEARCH PROPOSAL,
  George A. Hazelrigg, NSF see
  http//xsrv.mm.cs.sunysb.edu/300/lectures/proposal
  .pdf

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Outline

• Introduction to NSF
• International Collaboration at NSF
• Support for Faculty
• Programs for Postdoctoral researchers
• Programs for students

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• International Collaboration

• International collaboration is commonplace
• About 20 of the worlds scientific and technical
  articles in 2003 had authors from two or more
  countries, compared with 8 in 1988
• One-quarter of articles with U.S. authors have
  one or more international coauthors, which is
  similar to the percentages for Japan, China, and
  the Asia-8.

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Discovery is a global enterprise. For the U.S.
to remain in the forefront of world science and
technology, it needs scientists and engineers
from all disciplines who can operate and lead
international teams and track international
discoveries in some of the most challenging
research areas. Arden L. Bement,
Jr. NSF Director 2004

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• Domestic and international collaborations are
  expanding in response to the complexities of new
  scientific fields, the growing scale and scope of
  scientific initiatives, new capabilities provided
  by advances in information and communications
  technologies, professional ties established
  during study or work abroad, and explicit
  government policies and incentives.

Source National Science Board, Science and
Engineering Indicators-2004
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• NSF International Objectives

• A MEANS for advancing FRONTIER RESEARCH
• Provide ACCESS to sites, facilities, people,
  ideas
• Prepare a GLOBALLY ENGAGED U.S. SE workforce
• Build and strengthen effective collaborations and
  institutional partnerships to address problems of
  a global/regional scale
• NSF does NOT have a foreign affairs or foreign
  assistance mission

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Outline

• Introduction to NSF
• International Collaboration at NSF
• Support for Faculty
• Programs for Postdoctoral researchers
• Programs for students

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Support for International Activities

• Supplements to existing NSF grants
• Part of new proposals to NSF disciplinary
  programs
• New proposals to Office of International Science
  and Engineering

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International activities embedded in disciplinary
grants

• Facility Improvements and New Equipment for the
  Archbold Tropical Research and Education Center
  (ATREC), Dominica, Lesser Antilles
• Ickes, Kalan, Clemson University
• ATREC, located on the island of Dominica, the
  only non-marine field research station in the
  Lesser Antilles, and is composed of almost 20,000
  ft2 of building space and 92 hectares of
  secondary forest.
• Wide variety of habitat types lowland and
  montane rain forest, elfin forest, tropical dry
  forest, littoral forest, volcanic fumaroles and
  their associated highly specialized vegetation,
  beaches with nesting sea turtles, two freshwater
  lakes, one boiling lake, over a hundred rivers,
  and coral reefs.
• The Morne Trois Pitons National Park, a United
  Nations World Heritage site, is within walking
  distance.
• Field courses from seven U.S. universities have
  been based at ATREC, most returning year after
  year.
• Funds provided will address
• renovating the plumbing and roofing for the
  entire field station,
• creating a secure collections facility and wet
  lab within existing the existing structures, and
• updating existing classrooms and kitchen.
• The island of Dominica is one of the poorest
  countries in the Caribbean, but has unparalleled
  biological resources.
• ATREC provides tremendous opportunities for
  collaboration with the Dominica branch of the
  University of the West Indies and Dominica State
  College.

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International activities embedded in disciplinary
grants

• Materials World Network Design of Responsive
  Materials via Mixed Polymer Brush Approach
• Luzinov, Igor, Clemson University
• The focus of this work is on chemical design and
  characterization of novel responsive
  nanostructured materials, namely ultrathin films
  made of mixed polymer brushes, with controlled
  and variable hydrophilic/hydrophobic/
  steric/inonic interactions.
• To accomplish the objectives of the project a
  US-German team of specialists possessing
  complementary expertise in the area has been
  assembled.
• The team includes I. Luzinov (Clemson
  University, synthesis of (mixed) polymer
  brushes) S. Minko (Clarkson University,
  properties/applications of mixed polymer
  brushes) M. Stamm (Dresden Technical University
  and Leibniz-Institute for Polymer Research
  Dresden, protein adsorption onto the mixed
  polymer brushes) M. Mller (University of
  Gttingen, theoretical modeling of the mixed
  brushes) K. Hinrichs/N. Esser and K.-J. Eichhorn
  (Institute for Analytical Sciences in Berlin,
  study of the brushes with spectroscopic
  ellipsometry).

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International activities embedded in disciplinary
grants

• Collaborative Research Iron and Light Effects on
  Phaeocystis antarctica Isolates from the Ross
  Sea
• DiTullio, Giacomo, College of Charleston
• The colonial prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis
  antarctica is a major bloom-forming alga in
  Antarctic shelf waters where, alongside diatoms,
  it is considered a keystone species in its impact
  on regional biogeochemical cycling and ecosystem
  structure. Iron levels in these waters fall to
  values as low as 0.1 nM during the mid to late
  summer, concentrations that are likely to limit
  the growth of phytoplankton, including P.
  antarctica.
• In this project, P. antarctica will be collected
  from the southern Ross Sea and grown in
  semi-continuous batch cultures for use in
  experiments at the University of Charleston to
  investigate the effects of iron availability and
  irradiance on the growth rate, cellular iron
  quota, buoyancy, biogenic sulfur production,
  pigment content, redox-protein expression, and
  photosynthetic efficiency of P. antarctica.
• This species may have also played a central role
  in the inferred basin- scale changes in
  biogeochemical cycles linked to
  glacial-interglacial climatic change.

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Office of International Scienceand Engineering
(OISE)
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Proposals to OISE

• Planning Visits (20,000 max)
• Workshops (25-60,000)
• PASI (65-100,000)
• Partnerships for International Research and
  Education (2.5 million)
• http//www.nsf.gov/oise/

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Planning Visits

• Short trips by US researchers in promising new
  areas
• Fully assess foreign expertise, facilities,
  equipment, data, experimental protocols, etc.
• Detailed preparation for collaborative research
• Used more often for countries where access is
  harder

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Example of Planning visit Lawrence Pratt, Fisk

• This award supports a planning visit to enable
  Professor Lawrence Pratt of Fisk University in
  Nashville, Tennessee to meet with Professor Bui
  Manh Nhi at Ho Chi Minh City University of
  Pedagogy in Vietnam.
• The visit will include workshops consisting of
  lectures and laboratory exercises on
  computational chemistry applied to organolithium
  compounds that will train investigators and
  students in Vietnam. This will then lead to
  collaborative research projects between the
  Vietnamese, the PI and his graduate students at
  Fisk University in which the students will have
  the opportunity to visit the Ho Chi Minh City
  University. In turn some of the Vietnamese
  students may enroll in Fisk University for
  graduate work to further their collaborative
  research projects.
• The study of organolithium compounds is a field
  of major importance in the development of new
  synthetic methods, and computational methods are
  a major tool to study these compounds. Although
  Vietnam is a developing country without extensive
  laboratory facilities for research, the
  University of Pedagogy does have a computational
  chemistry laboratory that is sufficiently
  equipped for moderate research projects, or more
  extensive research projects in collaboration with
  other institutions.

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Workshops

• Co-organized by U.S. foreign investigator
• NSF supports U.S. participants
• Identify areas of joint research purpose is to
  develop new, targeted collaborations
• Outcome should be a proposal to one of the
  disciplinary offices within NSF
• Priorities vary by region

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Examples

• Patterson and Jan Persens, University of the
  Western Cape, South Africa
• The Mathematics of Computer Security, Tunis,
  Tunisia, August 2004
• Patterson and Ricardo Baeza-Yates, University of
  Chile
• Computational Methods for Security in a Web
  Environment, Arica, Chile, July 2006

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Example Chaden Djalili, USC

• US-Peru Workshop in Nuclear Physics and Its
  Applications, June 11-16, 2007, Cusco, Peru
• Djalali, Chanden, University of South Carolina
• This Americas Program award will support a
  workshop on nuclear physics and applications to
  be held in conjunction with the Seventh Latin
  American Symposium on Nuclear Physics and
  Applications in Cusco, Peru, June 11-16, 2007.
• The workshop is being organized by Dr. Chanden
  Djalali of University of South Carolina, and Dr.
  Philip Cole of Idaho State University in
  collaboration with Dr. Fernando Umeres Sanchez of
  the Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del
  Cusco, Peru.
• This workshop will discuss topics presented at
  the symposium such as nuclear matter at high
  densities, nuclear astrophysics, neutrino
  physics, exotic nuclei, as well as photo- and
  electron-nuclear physics with the attendant
  applications of nuclear physics.

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Pan-American Advanced Studies Institutes (PASI)

• Short courses of two to four weeks duration, at
  the advanced graduate and post-doctoral level.
• Courses should involve distinguished lecturers
  and active researchers in the field, preferably
  from the Americas.
• PASIs aim to disseminate advanced scientific
  knowledge and stimulate training and cooperation
  among researchers of the Americas in the
  mathematical, physical, and biological sciences,
  and in engineering fields

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Recently Funded PASIs

• Modern challenges in statistical mechanics -
  Argentina
• Study of surfaces, interfaces and catalysis -
  Venezuela
• Physics at the nanometer scale - Argentina
• Green chemistry - Uruguay
• Quantum information - Brazil
• Materials for energy conversion and environmental
  protection Brazil
• Process Systems Engineering - Argentina

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Partnerships for International Research and
Education (PIRE)

• Cutting Edge scientific research
• Strong international partners
• Innovative models
• Involvement of students junior researchers
• Institutional resources (IT, language/culture,
  curriculum, study abroad, other)
• 14-17, 5-year awards of up to 2.5M each
• Eligibility Ph.D. granting in U.S. (20 in 2
  years)
• Prelim proposal deadline October 30, 2006 (limit
  3 per institution)

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PIRE
U.S.-Japan Cooperative Research and Education
Ultrafast and Nonlinear Optics in 6.1-Angstrom
Semiconductors PI Junichiro Kono, Rice
University
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PIRE
Remote Sensing for Hazard Mitigation and Resource
Protection in Pacific Latin America PI Gregg
Bluth, Michigan Tech University
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PIRE examples of FY05 projects

• UCSB and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
  Electron Chemistry and Catalysis at Interfaces.
  14 professors, extended research visits, jointly
  mentored grad students, summer schools, language
  training, tech transfer. PI Alex Wodtke.
• Penn State, NC AT, U. Witwatersrand, as well as
  other U.S. institutions and scientists in 9
  African countries PIRE-AfricaArray Project.
  Geophysics focus, semester at university in
  Africa, e- and field courses, language training,
  HBCU involvement. PI Andy Nyblade.

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Outline

• Introduction to NSF
• International Collaboration at NSF
• Support for Faculty
• Programs for Postdoctoral researchers
• Programs for students

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Postdoctoral Researchers

• Participation in NSF disciplinary awards
• Disciplinary Postdoctoral Fellowships
• International Research Fellowships

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International Research Fellowships

• Designed to introduce young scientists to
  international research opportunities
• Provides support to carry out research at science
  and engineering establishments in foreign
  countries
• Research experiences range from tenures of 9 to
  24 months
• Applications from women and minorities, and for
  work in developing countries are especially
  encouraged.

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International Research Fellowships Eligibility
Requirements

• U.S. citizenship or permanent residency
• Applicants must have a Ph.D. by the time IRFP
  tenure begins
• Applicants cannot have had their Ph.D. longer
  than two years at the time of application
• Deadline October 3, 2006. Next year, Second
  Tuesday In September!

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From the Participants...

• I look back and recognize how much my
  involvement in Iceland has shaped and opened up
  new opportunities. I am still actively working
  with my colleagues in Icelandand my work there
  has enabled me to apply for positions (and
  receive job offers!) for which I would have
  otherwise been unqualified.

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From the Participants...

• Overall the fellowship seems to have had an
  extremely positive effect on my careerI was
  interviewed for four of the six tenure-track jobs
  for which I applied I was given tenure-track job
  offers at two universities and I have accepted
  my dream job at a four year research university.

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Outline

• Introduction to NSF
• International Collaboration at NSF
• Support for Faculty
• Programs for Postdoctoral researchers
• Programs for students

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Support for Students

• Participation in NSF disciplinary awards
• Integrative Graduate Education and Research
  Traineeship (IGERT) Program
• Graduate Research Fellowships
• Participation in OISE planning visits or
  workshops
• Dissertation Enhancement Awards
• East Asia and Pacific Summer Institutes (EAPSI)
• International Research Experiences for Students
• International REUs

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Dissertation Enhancement Research

• Supports doctoral student research in a foreign
  country
• Must be collaborative, with evidence of
  intellectual involvement of foreign institution
• U.S. faculty mentor is PI on proposal
• Up to 15,000 per award for up to 2 years
• Apply to NSF disciplinary program or OISE
• Deadlines 9/15 and 2/15 annually for OISE may
  vary for disciplinary programs

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Example of a Dissertation Enhancement Award

• Continuity Hypotheses Revisited English L2
  Acquisition of Bulgarian Nominal Domain
• Dubinsky, Stanley, University South Carolina
• With NSF support and under the direction of
  Stanley Dubinsky and Hyeson Park. Ms. Mila
  Tasseva-Kurktchieva will investigate the second
  language (L2) acquisition of the Bulgarian noun
  phrase by adult native speakers of English. The
  goals of this research are (i) to test a new
  variant of the dynamic approach to the L2
  acquisition of Bulgarian nominal structure,
  including the timing and order of acquisition of
  gender and number agreement, possessives, and
  definite determiners. The study will use a unique
  pool of subjects-US Peace Corps volunteers
  exposed to the target language through both
  immersion and classroom instruction. This
  research will be among a few studies to focus on
  the very early stages of L2 acquisition-three to
  four weeks after subjects' first exposure to the
  target language.

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East Asia and Pacific Summer Institutes for U.S.
Graduate Students (EAPSI) www.nsf.gov/eapsi Become
an internationally experienced researcher.
Spend eight weeks conducting research and
experiencing life in Australia, China, Japan,
Korea, New Zealand or Taiwan
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EAPSI Applicant Eligibility

• U.S. citizen or permanent resident
• Enrolled at U.S. institution in a research
  oriented masters, M.D. or Ph.D. degree program
• Fields of science or engineering supported by NSF
  and represented among host institutions
• December 12, 2006--Application deadline

55
  

• Unprecedented Number of Howard Students Selected
  by NSF for International Research
• April 25, 2006 In the Summer of 2006, Howard
  University will send its largest number of
  students ever to study and do research in Asia as
  a result of successful applications to the
  National Science Foundation by four Howard
  graduate students in Computer Science and
  Electrical Engineering. Three of the four
  students, Ebonie Loftin, Ngizambote Mavana, and
  James Tolbert II, all master's students in
  Computer Science, were selected for the NSF's
  East Asia and Pacific Summer Institutes to do
  research in South Korea. With three students
  selected for South Korea, Howard University led
  all universities in the United States in students
  selected for that country. The fourth student,
  Kenneth Bird, a third-year doctoral student in
  Electrical Engineering, was selected to do
  research in China.

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International Research Experiences for Students

• Can include graduate and undergraduate students
• Supports small groups of students in a focused
  field
• Awards of up to 50,000 per year for up to 3
  years
• Deadlines 9/15 and 2/15

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IRES in Senegal

• When their DC-8 flew into a tropical storm off
  the coast of West Africa, Aaron Pratt and Tamara
  Battle realized their lifelong dream--to study
  storms and weather systems at their source.
  During that flight, lightning struck their plane.
  The resulting storm turned into a tropical
  depression and ultimately became known as
  Hurricane Helene, one of the strongest Atlantic
  hurricanes in 2006.
• African dust is very critical for hurricane
  formation. One of our flights allowed us to see
  the dust kicked up in the Sahara Desert, said
  Pratt, who is pursuing a doctorate in atmospheric
  science from Howard University in Washington,
  D.C., as is Battle. I had never done research
  overseas before and didnt know what to expect.
  Working with scientists in both Senegal and Cape
  Verde helped put our research in the proper
  perspective.

Graduate students study African storms onboard a
DC-8 airplane to understand links to U.S. storms.
58
IRES in Senegal (2)

• Dr. Gregory Jenkins of Howard University received
  an International Research Experiences for
  Students (IRES) award in 2006 to allow eighteen
  U. S. graduate students to conduct research with
  U. S. and Senegalese scientists in studying the
  effects of African weather systems on the United
  States.
• The award supports American students work with a
  large multinational team of scientists on a
  project called the African Monsoon
  Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA). Scientists and
  students from around the world are involved with
  the project, which is also funded by nations in
  Africa, Europe and Asia.

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IRES in Armenia Coastal Carolina

• Undergraduates in Armenia Investigating the
  Chemistry of Heterogeneous Catalysts
• Goodwin, John, Coastal Carolina University
• This US-Armenian project provides US
  undergraduate students opportunities for training
  and research in Yerevan, Armenia. The research
  activities revolve around porphyrin synthesis and
  isolation, heterogeneous catalysis, and molecular
  modeling. The principal investigators are John
  Goodwin from Coastal Carolina University and
  Tigran Kurtikyan from the Molecular Structure
  Research Center in Armenia.
• The US students spend eight-weeks in the Armenian
  laboratory where they benefit from the
  complementary expertise and instrumentation of
  the Armenian researchers. The subject research
  area has practical implications in the
  development of suitable catalysts for activation
  of atmospheric oxygen for a number of purposes.
  Development of robust heterogeneous catalysts for
  activation of molecular oxygen is important for a
  wide range of applications including
  environmentally-benign synthesis, water
  purification, fuel-cell technology, and on-site
  chemical nerve-agent decomposition.
• This project fulfills the program objectives of
  providing US students with a global perspective
  and opportunities for professional growth through
  international cooperative research training,
  networking and mentoring.

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REU International Site in Ghana

• Can the seeds of a pepper plant in West Africa be
  used as a crop insecticide here in the U. S.?
  Will the Ghanaian Mangrove oyster become one of
  our next delicacies? What is the necessary
  environment for the survival and propagation of a
  stingless bee?
• These and other questions are being explored by
  U. S. undergraduate students under the direction
  of Daniel Wubah, Professor of Biology at James
  Madison University.

Sharonda Johnson taking extractions from a plant
with her Ghanaian mentor, Dr. Yaw Opoku-Boahene
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REU International Site in Ghana

• According to one student, Akhil Rastogi,
  participating in this program was key to his
  admission into several professional and graduate
  schools because the first question at every
  interview was tell us about the research that
  you did in Ghana.
• The answers from the above?
• Dzifa Gbewonyor found that an extract from the
  Ashanti pepper plant seeds has an effect as an
  insecticide on cowpea plants.
• Alexandra Sutton discovered that harvesting the
  oysters has high potential, but further study on
  the oysters ability to filter salt content is
  necessary.
• And Nicholas Davenport demonstrated that
  deforestation has a negative effect on the
  survival of the stingless bee.

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REU International Site Japan (USC)

• Chemical Engineering Research in Japan
• Amiridis, Michael, University of South Carolina
• This award supports the Department of Chemical
  Engineering at the University of South Carolina
  (USC) for the establishment of a three-year
  Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) Site
  in Japan. Students will be assigned an individual
  research project to work in the Fall Semester
  with faculty research mentors at Osaka
  University, Sophia University (Tokyo), and Kyoto
  University in collaboration with USC faculty.
• In addition, two USC U.S. graduate (Ph.D.)
  students will also travel to Japan together with
  the REU group and serve as mentors to the
  students while also doing research in Japan.
• Research projects will be on topics such as the
  catalytic role of supercritical water in organic
  reactions molecular simulations of gas
  permeation through organic membranes shock tube
  studies of the thermal decomposition of
  hydrocarbons the synthesis of molecular
  composites emission control during the pyrolosis
  of coal and synthesis of nanoporous materials
  using copolymer gel templates.

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Looking Beyond the Borders A Project Directors
Handbook of Best Practices for International
REUswww.nsf.gov/pubs/2006/nsf06204/index.html
64

www.nsf.gov/oise wpatters_at_nsf.gov 703-292-8189