Age of Exploration

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Age of Exploration

• Canadian History 11

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The Vikings

• First to discover North America
• Clues first appeared in written stories called
  sagas.
• The sagas suggested that Bjarni Herjolfsson and
  Leif the Lucky had sailed to the new lands west
  and south of Greenland

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The Vikings Saga Bjarni Herjolfsson

• In about the year 1000 a sea roving trader,
  Bjarni Herjulfson, went to visit his father in
  Iceland.
• His father lived in Iceland and every year Bjarni
  spent the winter with him.
• Then one year when Bjarni went to Iceland to see
  his father', Bjarni had found that his Father had
  moved to Greenland.

• Bjarnie went to find Greenland to see his father
  but his ship went off course, and he ended up
  finding three islands.
• This was the coast of North America - a new land
  - but he didn't bother to get off his ship and
  explore it because he was so anxious to see his
  father.
• He sailed back and found Greenland.

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The Vikings Saga Leif Erickson

• Leif Erickson, who lived in Greenland, was
  excited about finding the New Land.
• He bought Bjarni's ship and got a crew of 30 men
  and sailed to the three places Bjarni had found.
• They went first to Helluland and then to Markland
  and then on to a place he named Vinland the Good.
  

• He named it Vinland because they found grapes
  which were probably big huckleberries. This was
  probably Newfoundland.
• They stayed the winter and returned to Greenland
  in the spring.

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The Vikings Saga Thorvald Erickson

• Leif's brother
• He borrowed the ship and went to "Vinland the
  Good" to explore.
• They spent the winter there, and in the summer
  they did more exploring.
• One day they saw three canoes. Under the canoes
  were nine "Skraelings" American Indians.
• The Vikings killed eight of them, but one
  escaped.
• The very next day that Skraeling returned with
  lots more.
• The Vikings got out their shields and soon the
  Indians left after shooting some arrows.

• The only person hit was Thorvald. As he was
  dying he asked to be buried in a place he had
  liked and had mentioned he would like to stay
  there for awhile.
• He became the first Viking to be buried in North
  America.
• He wanted the place called "Crossness" forever.
  The rest of the Vikings then returned home.

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LAnse aux Meadows

• Helge and Anne Ingstad were a husband and wife
  team from Norway.
• They had studied old documents and maps and read
  the sagas.
• They came up with a hypothesis that the Vikings
  had discovered North America 500 years before
  Columbus arrived.
• They began a dig in the 1960s at the northeastern
  tip of Newfoundland, called Lanse aux Meadows.

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LAnse aux Meadows

• The Ingstads found remains of houses like houses
  in Norway and Greenland in Viking times.
• Other treasure included Viking jewelry, tools and
  even iron nails, which were unknown in North
  America before Europeans came.

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LAnse aux Meadows

• The early 11th century settlement includes the
  following features, shown on the plan 1 the
  large house.  2-7 other structures, some  with
  hearths and cooking pits.  8 the smithy.   9 a
  possible charcoal kiln.  10-11 large cooking
  pits.A number of boat sheds were also found.
  Radiocarbon samples from several site areas
  produced dates clustering around AD 1000, which
  accords with the historic evidence of the sagas. 

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Christopher Columbus

• Influenced by a 200 year old book written by
  Marco Polo.
• Polo had written about his travels from Venice,
  across Asia to Cathay. He wrote about silks,
  jewels, gold and spices.
• Spices were very expensive, as they came from the
  East Indies, known as Spice Lands.
• Columbus believed that if you traveled east by
  land, you arrived in the Indian islands off the
  coast of Asia.

• If you traveled west, you could reach India by
  water- faster and cheaper.
• This was during the time of the debate of whether
  the world was flat or round.
• Columbus conclusion assumed the world was round.

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Christopher Columbus

• Columbus moved to Lisbon, Portugal.
• Lisbon was considered the headquarters for
  voyages of discovery.
• He could not find supports there so he moved to
  Spain.
• King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella gave him the
  money he needed for ships, sailors and supplies.

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Christopher Columbus

• Columbus made his famous voyage in 1492.
• His 3 ships were the Nina, the Pinta, and the
  Santa Maria.
• He reached the land at the island of San Salvador
  in the West Indies. (Haiti and the Dominican
  Republic)
• He was convinced he arrived in India and he named
  the island Hispaniola and its inhabitants
  Indians.
• Later, other explorers made the same mistake and
  aboriginal peoples of North and South America
  also became known as Indians

• He made 3 more voyages across the Atlantic Ocean
  in the next 10 years.
• He never reached Cathay and he never even set
  foot on the mainland of North America!
• His voyages were important, as he opened up new
  routes for exploration and trade.

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Routes of Christopher Columbus
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http//www.youtube.com/watch?v261-NYB7Sko
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John Cabot

• Homeland Venice, Italy
• Project A voyage to discover an all-water route
  to the riches (spices)of Asia.
• Sponsor King Henry VII of England
• Discoveries Probably NFLD and/or Cape Breton
  Island.

• Outcomes
• Little is known about Cabots life up to 1497.
• In 1498, he set out on a 2nd trip and was never
  was never seen again.
• Cabots crossing of the Atlantic had lasting
  results.
• He made Englands first claim to territory in
  North America.
• He found an unlimited supply of Cod fish. In
  Catholic societies, eating of meat 153 days a
  year was prohibited. English fishermen became
  regular visitors.

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Routes of John Cabot
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http//www.youtube.com/watch?volkgIbyMDrg
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Jacques Cartier

• Homeland France
• Projects To search for an all-water passage to
  Asia and then to follow the St. Lawrence River in
  hope of finding riches closer to home.
• Sponsor King Francis I of France
• Discoveries Various parts of NFLD and parts of
  what are now NS (Cape Breton), PEI, NB and QUE.
  Much of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the St.
  Lawrence River.

• Outcomes
• Had three voyages 1534, 1535, and 1541
• Made contact with Aboriginal People
• He did not discover the riches of the East or a
  route to them. French leaders lost interest, as
  they were after diamonds and gold and not beaver
  pelts.
• About 50years later, Europeans became interested
  in North American furs. Fur traders, fishermen
  and map makers were all crossing the Atlantic.

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Routes of Jacques Cartier
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http//www.youtube.com/watch?vZAtOCH189oc
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Samuel de Champlain

• Homeland France
• Projects To help French explorers on
  fur-trading voyages by acting as a map maker
• Sponsor King Henry IV of France appointed
  Champlain Royal geographer
• Discovery The St. Lawrence River as far as the
  Lachine Rapids in 1603 the coastline of North
  America, from present-day NS to present-day
  Massachusetts in 1604-05
• Outcomes
• In 1604, he went with Sieur de Monts to the Bay
  of Fundy.
• De Monts had been granted a monopoly on the fur
  trade. In return, he was to start a colony.

• They spent the winter on the island of St. Croix,
  where many men died of scurvy.
• In 1605, they moved to Port Royal where he
  explored the Atlantic coast and made careful maps
  of NS, NB, Maine and Massachusetts.
• The maps were so accurate that sailors could use
  them today. Many places along the coast still
  have the names Champlain gave them more than 350
  years ago.
• In 1608, he moved to a location what is now
  Quebec on the St. Lawrence river. He developed
  the rest of his life to the development of a
  fur-trading colony.

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Routes of Samuel de Champlain
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http//www.youtube.com/watch?vFsJJ6VQXLzgfeature
related
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Other Leading Explorers
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Henry Hudson

• 1609-11
• Discoveries Hudson River and Hudson Bay

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http//www.youtube.com/watch?vpoNpCb8FU2Ufeatu
rerelated
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Etienne Brule

• 1609-32
• Discoveries South of Lake Ontario

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Pierre Radisson and Medard Groseilliers

• 1650s
• Discoveries Sault Ste. Marie Region north
  shore of Lake Superior

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Louis Joliet andFather Jacques Marquette

• 1669-73
• Discoveries Lakes Ontario, Erie and Huron Lake
  Michigan and upper Mississippi River

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La Salle and Father Louis Hennepin

• 1669-82
• Discoveries Lakes Ontario and Erie Niagara,
  Ohio and Mississippi Rivers to the Gulf of Mexico

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Daniel Dulhut

• 1680s
• Discoveries Region south and west of Lake
  Superior

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Henry Kelsey

• 1690-92
• Discoveries Buffalo country of Northern
  Saskatchewan and possibly Alberta

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Pierre La Verendyre

• 1731-43
• Discoveries West of Lake Superior as far as the
  Saskatchewan River and south to South Dakota

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Anthony Henday

• 1754-55
• Discoveries First European to travel west to
  within sight of the Rockies

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Samuel Hearne

• 1770-72
• Discoveries Overland to the mouth of the
  Coppermine River on the Arctic Ocean

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Alexander MacKEnzie

• 1789, 1793
• Discoveries Down the MacKenzie River to the
  Arctice Ocean overland to the Pacific

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George Vancouver

• 1791-95
• Discoveries Vancouver Island and much of the
  coast of BC

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Sir John Franklin and many other Arctic Explorers

• Early 1800s
• Discoveries Canadas vast northland of
  coastline, waterways and islands