Contact transmission

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Contact transmission

• Direct-contact transmission

• Indirect-contact transmission

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Direct-contact transmission

• a direct body surface-to-body surface contact and
  physical transfer of microorganisms between a
  susceptible host and an infected or colonized
  person, such as occurs when a person turns a
  patient, gives a patient a bath, or performs
  other patient-care activities that require direct
  personal contact.
• Direct-contact transmission also can occur
  between two patients, with one serving as the
  source of the infectious microorganisms and the
  other as a susceptible host.

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Indirect-contact transmission

• contact of a susceptible host with a contaminated
  intermediate object, usually inanimate, such as
  contaminated instruments, needles, or dressings,
  or contaminated gloves that are not changed
  between patients.

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The Nursing Process

• Assessment
• includes the collection and organization of
  data, validation, and documentation of the data.
  A nursing assessment may include biographic data,
  the patient's chief complaint, the history of the
  present illness, the patient's past medical
  history, a family history of illness, a lifestyle
  assessment, social and psychological data, as
  well as vital signs, signs and symptoms of
  illness, and a physical examination.

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The Nursing Process

• Diagnosing includes analyzing the data,
  identifying health problems, health risks, and
  formulating nursing diagnoses that take all of
  the above factors into account.

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Planning

• includes prioritizing the patient's problems and
  diagnoses, formulating goals and desired outcomes
  for the patient to meet, selecting nursing
  interventions to enable the patient to meet those
  goals, and writing the nursing orders. Goals and
  outcomes must be measurable. A generalized goal
  is acceptable if it is followed by specific
  desired outcomes.

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• Implementation
• includes reassessing the client (to make sure the
  client's needs have not changed), determining the
  nurse's need for assistance, implementing the
  nursing orders (directly or through supervision),
  and documentation of nursing actions. When
  implementing nursing orders, it is important to
  explain to the patient what is being done.

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Documentation

• is very important, not only legally "If it isn't
  written down, you didn't do it." If there is no
  documentation that a treatment was performed or a
  medication given, it is possible that the patient
  may receive another treatment or dose of
  medication.

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Evaluation

• includes collecting data related to the desired
  outcomes, comparing the data to see if the
  patient's goals or outcomes desired were met,
  relating the nursing actions to the goals and
  outcomes, evaluating the status of the problem,
  and continuing, modifying or terminating the
  patient care plan.

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Patient risk factors

• Severity of illness
• Weak immunity
• Length of hospital stay..

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Prevention and Control of Hospital Acquired
Infections

• Emphasis on hand-washing,
• use of aseptic techniques in invasive procedures,
  care of catheters, intravenous sites, surgical
  wounds and improvement of disinfection and
  sterilization procedures in respective areas.

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Handwashing
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Handwashing

• 80 of common infections spread by hands
• Most effective way to prevent the spread of
  respiratory tract infections

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Bad Germs

• Usually survive less than 24 hours
• Easily removed by handwashing
• Can be either bacteria or viruses
• Cause disease

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How dirty are things?
Contamination () Playground 44 Public
Restrooms 25 Pens (shared) 16 Vending
Machines 14 Public phones 13 home phones more
contaminated


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How easy is it to transmit germs?

• 1,000 100,000 bacteria to hands
• Touching patient shoulder
• Measuring blood pressure

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Do people really wash?
American Society for Microbiology

• Observational handwashing survey
• September 2000 / 8000 people
• 95 say they wash their hands
• 67 actually do
• 75 women / 58 men

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Hand Drying

• Removes 42 more germs than washing alone
• Use towels and avoid sharing towels
• Hot air dryers promote bacterial growth because
  hands are left warm and moist

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