Foreign Affairs and National Security

1
Foreign Affairs and National Security

• What is foreign policy?
• What is the difference between isolationism and
  internationalism?
• How does the Department of State function?
• How do the Department of Defense and the military
  departments function?

2
Isolationism to Internationalism

• For more than 150 years, the American people were
  chiefly interested in domestic affairs, or what
  was happening at home.
• Foreign affairs, or the nations relationships
  with other countries, were of little or no
  concern.
• Isolationism, the purposeful refusal to become
  generally involved in the affairs of the rest of
  the world, was American policy during this time.
• Since World War II, however, U.S. policy has
  featured a broadening of American involvement in
  global affairs.

3
Foreign Policy Defined

• A nations foreign policy is made up of all the
  stands and actions that a nation takes in every
  aspect of its relationships with other countries.
• The President, the nations chief diplomat and
  commander in chief of its armed forces, has
  traditionally carried the major responsibility
  for both the making and conduct of foreign policy.

4
The State Department

• The State Department is headed by the secretary
  of state, who ranks first among the members of
  the Presidents Cabinet.
• An ambassador is a personal representative
  appointed by the President to represent the
  nation in a foreign country in matters of
  diplomacy.
• The State Department issues passports,
  certificates issued to citizens who travel or
  live abroad.
• Diplomatic immunity is usually applied to
  ambassadors and means that they are not subject
  to the laws of state to which they are
  accredited.

5
The Defense Department
This chart shows the chain of command of the
American military services.
6
The Military Departments

• The Department of the Army
• The army is the largest and the oldest of the
  armed services.
• The army consists of standing troops, or the
  Regular Army, and its reserve unitsthe Army
  National Guard and Army Reserve.
• The Department of the Navy
• The navys major responsibilities are for sea
  warfare and defense.
• The U.S. Marine Corps, a combat-ready land force,
  are under the auspices of navy command.
• The Department of the Air Forces
• The air force is the youngest branch of the armed
  services.
• The air forces main responsibility is to serve
  as the nations first line of defense.

7
Section 1 Assessment

• 1. United States foreign policy might consist of
  any of the following EXCEPT
• (a) intrastate energy disputes.
• (b) protection of overseas interests.
• (c) international trade policy.
• (d) sending diplomats to global conferences.
• 2. Under the principle of civilian control of the
  military,
• (a) the military acts as an independent and
  autonomous body.
• (b) military generals have unrestricted control
  of the armed forces.
• (c) mandatory service is used as a means of
  recruitment.
• (d) an officer of the people has ultimate control
  of the armed forces.

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8
Section 1 Assessment

• 1. United States foreign policy might consist of
  any of the following EXCEPT
• (a) intrastate energy disputes.
• (b) protection of overseas interests.
• (c) international trade policy.
• (d) sending diplomats to global conferences.
• 2. Under the principle of civilian control of the
  military,
• (a) the military acts as an independent and
  autonomous body.
• (b) military generals have unrestricted control
  of the armed forces.
• (c) mandatory service is used as a means of
  recruitment.
• (d) an officer of the people has ultimate control
  of the armed forces.

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9
Other Foreign and Defense Agencies

• What agencies are involved in foreign and defense
  policy?
• How do the CIA, NASA, the Selective Service
  System, and the Office of Homeland Security
  contribute to the nations security?

10
The CIA and the Office of Homeland Security

• The CIA
• The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a key
  part of the foreign policy establishment.
• The CIA is responsible for collecting, analyzing,
  and reporting information for the President and
  the NSC.
• A full range of espionage, or spying, activities
  are undertaken by the CIA.

• The Office of Homeland Security
• The Office of Homeland Security is part of the
  Executive Office of the President. Its director
  has cabinet rank.
• The office oversees the anti-terrorist efforts of
  federal, State, and local agencies, including the
  FBI, the CIA, the Coast Guard, and local police
  forces.

11
NASA and the Selective Service

• NASA
• The National Aeronautics and Space Administration
  (NASA) is the independent agency that deals with
  the nations space policy.
• The Selective Service
• The Selective Service System handles, when
  necessary, the conscriptionor draftof citizens
  for service in the armed forces.

12
Section 2 Assessment

• 1. Information gathering in foreign nations, or
  espionage, falls under the auspices of
• (a) the Selective Service System.
• (b) the CIA.
• (c) NASA.
• (d) the Executive Office of the President.
• 2. The Selective Service System handles matters
  involved with
• (a) conscription.
• (b) customer relations.
• (c) staffing federal agencies.
• (d) none of the above.

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13
Section 2 Assessment

• 1. Information gathering in foreign nations, or
  espionage, falls under the auspices of
• (a) the Selective Service System.
• (b) the CIA.
• (c) NASA.
• (d) the Executive Office of the President.
• 2. The Selective Service System handles matters
  involved with
• (a) conscription.
• (b) customer relations.
• (c) staffing federal agencies.
• (d) none of the above.

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14
American Foreign Policy Overview

• What were the themes in American foreign policy
  through World War I?
• How did the two World Wars affect Americas
  traditional policy of isolationism?
• What are the principles of collective security
  and deterrence?
• How did the United States resist Soviet
  aggression during the cold war?
• How can we describe American foreign policy since
  the end of the cold war?

15
Foreign Policy From Independence Through World
War I

• For 150 years, the United States had a policy of
  isolationism, as stated in George Washingtons
  Farewell Address.
• The Monroe Doctrine (1823) warned Europe to stay
  out of the affairs of North and South America and
  established the United States as the hegemonic
  power of the Western Hemisphere.
• Throughout the nineteenth century, the United
  States expanded across the North American
  continent through both land purchases and
  military conquests.
• As the United States expanded commercially in the
  late nineteenth century, so did the reach of its
  foreign policy, as seen in the Good Neighbor
  policy in effect in Latin America during the
  early 1900s, and the Open Door Policy for China
  during the same time.

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World War I and World War II

• World War I
• The United States entered World War I after
  continued disruptions of American commerce by
  German submarine warfare.
• After the defeat of Germany and the Central
  Powers, the nation retreated to a policy of
  isolationism.
• World War II
• The bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941,
  drew the United States into World War II, joining
  the Allies (the Soviet Union, Britain, and China)
  fighting against the Axis Powers (Italy, Japan,
  and Germany).
• World War II led to a historic shift away from
  isolationism to an increased role in global
  affairs by the United States.

17
Two New Principles

• Collective Security
• Collective security, favored by the United States
  following World War II, involves a world
  community in which most nations would agree to
  act together against any nation that threatened
  the peace.
• Deterrence
• Deterrence is the policy of making America and
  its allies so militarily strong that their very
  strength will deterdiscourage, or even
  preventany attack.

18
Resisting Soviet Aggression
The cold war was a period of more than 40 years
during which relations between the United States
and the Soviet Union were tense, but did not
result in direct military action between the two.

• The Truman Doctrine
• The Truman Doctrine established the policy of
  containment, an effort to contain the spread of
  communism throughout the nations of the world.
• The Berlin Blockade
• In 1948, the Soviet Union cut off all land
  transit to West Berlin. The United States
  responded with an airlift of goods to the city.
• The Cuban Missile Crisis
• In 1962, it was discovered that the Soviet Union
  was building missiles on the island of Cuba. A
  heated stand-off between the Soviet Union and
  America ensued.
• The Korean War
• The Korean War was fought under the auspices of
  the United Nations after the forces of communist
  North Korea invaded South Korea.
• The War in Vietnam
• The United States dedicated thousands of troops
  in an effort to resist aggression by communist
  forces in Vietnam.

19
From Détente Through the Present

• Following the U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam, the
  Nixon administration embarked on a policy of
  détente.
• Détente is a French term meaning relaxation of
  tensions.
• Nixon would become the first U.S. President to
  visit mainland China in 1972. He also visited
  Moscow during his administration.
• The cold war came to an end with the dissolution
  of the Soviet Union in 1991.
• January 1991 brought the Persian Gulf War, with
  American forces spear-heading a multinational
  force to drive Iraqi forces out of Kuwait.
• The United States declared a war on terrorism in
  response to the attacks of September 11, 2001.

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Section 3 Assessment

• 1. For much of the United States first 150 years,
  its foreign policy was one of
• (a) internationalism.
• (b) isolationism.
• (c) imperialism.
• (d) commercialism.
• 2. Collective security refers to
• (a) the goal of most of the nations of the world
  to act together to maintain the peace.
• (b) a free market ideal aimed at creating new
  markets for American goods.
• (c) a policy of tariffs and duties to protect
  American industries.
• (d) the goal of the United States to expand its
  borders.

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21
Section 3 Assessment

• 1. For much of the United States first 150 years,
  its foreign policy was one of
• (a) internationalism.
• (b) isolationism.
• (c) imperialism.
• (d) commercialism.
• 2. Collective security refers to
• (a) the goal of most of the nations of the world
  to act together to maintain the peace.
• (b) a free market ideal aimed at creating new
  markets for American goods.
• (c) a policy of tariffs and duties to protect
  American industries.
• (d) the goal of the United States to expand its
  borders.

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22
Foreign Aid and Defense Alliances

• What are the two types of foreign aid?
• How can we describe United States foreign aid
  policy?
• What are the major security alliances to which
  the United States belongs?
• What is United States policy in the Middle East?
• What role does the United Nations play, and what
  problems does it face?

23
Foreign Aid

• Foreign aideconomic and military aid to other
  countrieshas been a basic feature of American
  foreign policy for more than 50 years.
• Most aid has been sent to those nations regarded
  as the most critical to the realization of this
  countrys foreign policy objectives.
• Most foreign aid money must be used to buy
  American goods and products.

24
Security Alliances

• NATO
• The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was
  formed to promote the collective defense of
  Western Europe.
• Today, NATOs purpose has changed. With the
  collapse of the Soviet Union, NATOs goals have
  broadened to include peacekeeping roles, such as
  in the Balkans, and establishing a continued
  relationship with Russia.

• Other Alliances
• The United States is also part of the Rio Pact
  with Canada and Latin America, the ANZUS pact
  with Australia and New Zealand, as well as other
  pacts in the Pacific region.
• The United States has also taken an active
  interest in the actions that unfold in the Middle
  East, although America is not part of any formal
  alliance in the region.

25
The United Nations

• The United Nations was formed following World War
  II to promote peace and security across the
  globe.
• The General Assembly acts as the town meeting of
  the world.
• Oversight and maintenance of international peace
  is delegated to the UN Security Council, of which
  the United States is a permanent member.
• Peacekeeping missions, international aid to
  children and women, and investigations and aid
  for world health services are all examples of
  current United Nations functions.

26
Section 4 Assessment

• 1. All of the following are examples of foreign
  aid EXCEPT
• (a) the United States sending supplies to a
  region struck by an earthquake.
• (b) the use of the military in overseas
  peacekeeping missions.
• (c) block grants to State governments to assist
  immigrants.
• (d) monetary aid to rebuild the economies of
  Europe.
• 2. The United Nations has all of the following
  functions EXCEPT
• (a) providing aid to children in emergency
  situations.
• (b) intervention in the activities of sovereign
  nations.
• (c) raising concerns over the global environment.
• (d) attempting to guarantee basic human rights
  worldwide.

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27
Section 4 Assessment

• 1. All of the following are examples of foreign
  aid EXCEPT
• (a) the United States sending supplies to a
  region struck by an earthquake.
• (b) the use of the military in overseas
  peacekeeping missions.
• (c) block grants to State governments to assist
  immigrants.
• (d) monetary aid to rebuild the economies of
  Europe.
• 2. The United Nations has all of the following
  functions EXCEPT
• (a) providing aid to children in emergency
  situations.
• (b) intervention in the activities of sovereign
  nations.
• (c) raising concerns over the global environment.
• (d) attempting to guarantee basic human rights
  worldwide.

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