Produced by Christopher Creek

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Produced by Christopher Creek
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Reginald Rose 1920-2002
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The Play (written in 1954) Social Context -
McCarthyism
Joseph McCarthy
Ed. Murrow
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vFQQaX2h1plo
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vBIkU4MMQZ54feature
related
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The Play (written in 1954) Social Context -
McCarthyism
Joseph McCarthy
Ed. Murrow
Arthur Miller
http//www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAmccarthyis
m.htm
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthyism
http//apus-b.wikispaces.com/postwardomestic-pol
iticalcartoons
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Reginald Rose
about his inspiration for 12 Angry Men It was
such an impressive, solemn setting in a great big
wood-panelled court-room, with a silver-haired
judge. It knocked me out. I was overwhelmed. I
was on a jury for a manslaughter case, and we got
into this terrific, furious, eight-hour argument
in the jury room. I was writing one-hour dramas
for "Studio One" (1948) then and I thought, "Wow,
what a setting for a drama!"
In Upstaging the Cold War American dissent and
cultural diplomacy, 1940-1960 (Andrew Justin
Falk) Rose is acknowledged as an antagonist of
McCarthyism. Referring to his writing in An
Almanac of Liberty (1954) Rose reflects Issues
that bother me are issues concerning people who
want to impose their beliefs on others ... In a
way, almost everything I wrote in the fifties was
about McCarthy. (Falk, p. 164).
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• Title 12 Angry Men (1954)
• Author Reginald Rose
• Setting
• Physical The claustrophobia of a jury room
• Atmospheric A hot and steamy summers afternoon
  in New York.
• Social setting the McCarthy Era.
• Time Late in the day.
• The question at the heart the functioning of
  American democracy and justice.
• Cultural The West Coast of the United States
  (New York) in the mid 1950s.
• Genre Courtroom drama and a Socio-political
  Polemic or discourse.

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The vehicle of exploration A jury-room drama
The question at the heart the functioning of
American democracy and justice.
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• Structure
• A play in two Acts (originally written in
  three.) Without scene breaks the movement of the
  play is shaped by the content the resolution of
  the conflict in order to achieve a unanimous
  verdict. The progress is shaped by the changing
  of the jurors votes with the regular taking of
  votes to cement those shifts. It is the changing
  of opinion the forms the core of the narrative
  and shapes the movement of the play.
• Obeys the Classical Unities (as described by
  Aristotle) Unity of Action only one central
  plot Unity of Place and Unity of Time does
  not have significant shifts in chronology.

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• Structure cont ...
• The Impact of Roses use of Classical Unities
  allows the audience to feel close to the
  characters, their challenges and conflicts.

Unity Nature Impact
Action There is no action outside this small space. All else takes place off-stage. There are no moments of relief or distraction (by scene changes) so the tension remains until it is resolved and the unanimous verdict achieved.
Place The characters cannot leave the jury room until their job is done. Steamy new York Summers day adds to the claustrophobia of the jury room. In the same way the audience has no escape until from their reality until the action of the play concludes.
Time Uses real time with the passing of time on stage equal to the passing of time for the audience Creates an intense focus on this small piece of the characters lives.
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• Structure cont ...
• The progression of the play ... Act 1.

Part Pages Summary
Act 1 (Introduction) (pp. 1-7) ends when Foreman resumes his seat after the first vote Judge reminds Jury of their task guard brings in jury, informal vote by show of hands vote is 111. Central conflict Jury must come to an unanimous decision reasonable doubt must mean a vote for acquittal.
Act 1 Juror 8s position (pp. 7-15) ends with the Guard going to retrieve the knife Juror 8 defends his vote the jurors agree to one hours discussion, each to explain their reasons for their vote 8th Juror requests knife. Key ideas respect of process and impartiality
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• Structure cont ...
• The progression of the play ... Act 1 ... Cont.

Part Pages Summary
Act 1 Second Vote (pp. 15-19) Guard delivers the unusual knife 8th Juror introduces identical knife jurors argue over possible and probable Juror 8 call for a secret ballot but without his participation. Vote is 102 A piece of circumstantial evidence is contested.
Act 1 Third Vote (pp.19-31) Jurors respond aggressively 3 wrongly accuses 5 of weakness and changing his vote knife returned to the guard several jurors retreat to the wash room 8 questions evidence and witness testimony, the calls for another vote. Vote 93 Key questions testimony of elderly man the competence of the defendants court appointed lawyer defendants behaviour.
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• Structure cont ...
• The progression of the play ... Act 1 concluded.

Part Pages Summary
Act 1 first demonstration (pp. 31-37) Questions about the old mans testimony continue 8th Juror requests the apartment floor plan he reconstructs the scenario to test the witnesses testimony frustration rises in the room 8s argument is supported. The end of the Act concludes with 8 provoking 3 to use the words Ill kill him. 8 uses this to reinforce his earlier point. Key Questions Old mans testimony (a key witness) cast into doubt Circumstantial evidence of the boys use of Ill kill you is undermined.
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• Structure cont ...
• The progression of the play ... Act 2.

Part Pages Summary
Act 2 Fourth Vote (pp.38-40) Evening arrives storm approaches another vote is called. Vote is 66. The storm outside heralds what is yet to come in the jury room.
Act 2 Second demonstration (pp. 40-7) The storm breaks 3rd juror defends his earlier outburst jurors arguments begin to get personal 8 conducts another demonstration (with 4s help) to support his argument for reasonable doubt jurors agree to spend one more hour in reasonable debate. Key Question whether or not to move for a hung jury? Circumstantial evidence of the nature of the Defendants recall at the time of arrest is found to be plausible thus undermining one of Juror 4s key points.
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• Structure cont ...
• The progression of the play ... Act 2 ... cont.

Part Pages Summary
Act 2 Third demonstration (pp.47-50) 2nd Juror questions the evidence about the direction of the stab wound 3rd demonstrates the stabbing motion 5th contradicts this (from his own knowledge) 7th decides to vote not-guilty. Key issues 3 and 10 feeling the tide shifting become more inflamed. This time flimsy evidence (in terms of relevance to the defendants guilt) is brought into question. Juror 11 challenges 7s lack of civil-responsibility until 7 changing for the wrong reasons.
Act 2 Fifth Vote (pp.51-4) Show of hands 12th and Foreman change their vote to not-guilty. 10th jurors xenophobia is in full flight using aggression and fear in order to win his argument another vote is called. Key issue xenophobia as a threat to justice.
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• Structure cont ...
• The progression of the play ... Act 2 concluded.

Part Pages Summary
Act 2 Sixth vote (pp.54-8) 12 Juror changes his mind back to guilty agree to discuss hung jury if they cant resolve the vote by 7pm 9th Juror observes that the second witness needs glasses and therefore her testimony is questionable 12 juror changes his vote again and 10th juror shamed into changing his vote. Key issues 12th juror the only one to change his vote more than once Key witness (woman) has testimony questioned and undermined.
Act 2 Verdict (pp58 -9) 4th Juror changes his vote 3rd makes a last stand then changes Foreman informs the guard they have a verdict the rain outside stops the compassionate dénoument. Key issue Personal issues have no place in the pursuit of justice.
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• Style Naturalism and Realism (or in T.V. It is
  called slice of life). Naturalist theatre is
  confronting striving to present real life in its
  grittiness, interpersonal conflicts and everyday
  detail without theatrical artifice. It is also
  realist in that the narrative is carried by
  concrete action on stage and is rarely supported
  by theatricality or symbolism.
• Language The patterns are in keeping with the
  style and are natural to the social milieu and
  geographical setting represented.
• The Style of dialogue is concrete and the
  vernacular makes reference to the common aspects
  of their lives.
• Legal terminology is used with familiarity.

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Act I (and key quotes) Introduction Judges
voice You are faced with a grave responsibility.
(p.6) 8th Juror Its no easy for me to raise my
hand and send a boy off to die without talking
about it first. (p.12) The Second Vote 4th
Juror Everyone has a breaking point (p.17) 5th
Juror There is something personal! (p.18) 8th
Juror People make mistakes (p.20) 9th Juror
Its only one night. A boy may die.
(p.25) Another Vote 3rd Juror There are no
secrets in a jury room (p.26) 11th Juror I have
always thought that in this country a man was
entitle to have unpopular opinions. (.27) 9th
Juror Its not easy to stand alone against the
ridicule of others (p.28) 8th Juror He cant
hear you. He never will. 11th Juror Facts may be
coloured by the personalities if the people who
present them
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Act I (and key quotes) Third Vote 11th Juror I
dont believe I have to be loyal to one side or
another (p.39) 8th Juror Maybe all these things
are so. But maybe theyre not (p.40) 10th Juror
Youre making out like it dont matter what
people say. (p.40) The Re-enactment 3rd Juror
Hes got to burn, were letting him slip through
our fingers (p.47) 8th Juror You want to see
this boy die because you personally want it, not
because of the facts (p.47)
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Act II (and key quotes) Fourth Vote 11th Juror
We have nothing to gain or lose by our verdict.
This is one of the reasons we are strong. We
should not make it a personal thing (p.50) 3rd
Juror Lets see who stands where (p.50) 3rd
Juror You took an oath in the courtroom
(p.54) 7th Juror Im tellin ya theyre all
alike. He comes over to this country running for
his life and before he can even take a big breath
hes telling us how to run the show. (p.55) Fifth
Vote 11th Juror In discussing such a thing as
the murder potential w should remember that many
of us are capable of murder. But few of us do. We
impose controls on ourselves to prevent it
(p.59) 7th Juror All this yakkins gettin us
nowhere... (p.62) 11th Juror You have no right
to play like this with a mans life. This is a
terrible and ugly thing to do. (p.63)
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Act II (and key quotes) Unanimous Vote 10th
Juror They are different. They think different.
They act different. (p.64) 8th Juror ...
Prejudice obscures the truth (p.66) 8th Juror
But we have a reasonable doubt, and this is a
safeguard that has enormous value in our system.
(p.66) 3rd Juror I dont care whether Im alone
or not. Its my right (p.71)
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Characterisation internal and external
Primary Characters
Secondary Characters
Remaining Characters
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Characterisation
Primary Characters
The Vengeful Bully
The Rational Man
The man of Integrity
The Bigot
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Characterisation
Juror 5
Experiences the prejudice Of Juror 10
Attacked by Juror 3
(feelings) Dismissed by 1
Given Opportunity by 8
Supported by 9
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Characterisation
Juror 10
4
2
6
1
10
9
11
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These binaries give a good summary of the key
conflicts within the play
Characterisation
Character Binaries
3
2
8
4
9
10
11
7
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Characterisation
Alignments
You oughta have more respect, Mister. You say
stuff like that again and Im gonna lay you out.
Im not trying to change your mind, its just
that we are talking about someones life here.
... Its not easy to stand alone against the
ridicule of others. He gambled for support and I
gave it to him.
Lawful Good
Neutral Good
Chaotic Good
Hey, you just take of yourself, you know.
I dont believe I have to be loyal to one side or
another, Im simply asking questions.
You cant send someone off to die on evidence
like that.
True Neutral
Lawful Neutral
Chaotic Neutral
I dont care whether Im alone or not, its my
right.
Frankly, I dont see how you can move for
acquittal
You know how these people lie, its born in them.
Lawful Evil
Neutral Evil
Chaotic Evil
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Characterisation
Character quotes
6. You oughta have more respect, Mister. You say
stuff like that again and Im gonna lay you out.
5.I used to play in a backyard that was filled
with garbage. Maybe it still smells on me.
2. You cant send someone off to die on evidence
like that.
3. I dont care whether Im alone or not, its my
right.
4. Frankly, I dont see how you can move for
acquittal.
7. Hey, you just take care of yourself, you know.
1. Please, please ...
11. I dont believe I have to be loyal to one
side or another, Im simply asking questions.
9. .. Its not easy to stand alone against the
ridicule of others. He gambled for support and I
gave it to him.
12. Um, if no-one else has an idea, I have a
cutie, here. I mean I havent put much thought
into it ....
8. Im not trying to change your mind, its just
that we are talking about someones life here.
10 .You know how these people lie, its born in
them.
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Characterisation
Character role-traits
Timid, Cowered
Intimidating, Hurt Bully, vengeful
Dispassionate / Rational
Disempowered, Knowing
Unqualified, Decent
Ineffectual in Leadership
Hedonistic, Sports fan
Integrity, Empathy
Prejudiced, Bigot
Enlightened, Keeper of Values
Hollow, Vacillating
Bypassed Wisdom
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Juror No. 1 (Foreman) The Ineffectual Leader
Key Script Cut and run when it gets too hard.
Description A small, petty man who is impressed
with the authority he has and handles himself
quite formally. Not overly bright, but dogged.
He attempts to cut and run when things get
difficult.
Social Commentary Ineffectual leadership
(laissez faire and conflict avoidant) leaves the
space for the potential for injustice.
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Juror no. 2 The Intimidated Man
Key Script Avoid getting hurt go along to get
along.
Description A meek, hesitant man. Although he is
aware he is easily intimidated and finds it
difficult to maintain any opinions of his own.
Needs the courage of others if he is to stand up.
Social Commentary Those without courage create
the opportunities for injustice, will follow the
strong person.
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Juror no. 3 The Intimidating Man (Hurt Bully)
Key Script Shout to be heard and to get your own
way.
Description A very strong, very forceful,
extremely opinionated man within whom can be
detected a streak of sadism. He is a humourless
man (in this context) who is intolerant of
opinions other than his own and accustomed to
forcing his wishes and views upon others. A Bully.
Social Commentary a) Intimidation is a valid
process for getting what you want b) When
everything is personal justice is denied.
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Juror no. 4 The Rational Man
Key Script Head over heart ... Thats the way to
do life.
Description Seems to be a man of wealth and
position (Stockbroker). He is a practiced speaker
who presents himself well at all times. He seems
to feel a little bit above the rest of the
jurors. His only concern is with the facts in
this case, and he is appalled at the behaviour of
the others.
Social Commentary Dispassionate Rationalism can
be just another cover does not guarantee justice.
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Juror no. 5 The Disempowered Man
Key Script No one listens to me so why say
anything.
Description A disempowered, very frightened
young man who takes his obligations in this case
very seriously but, who finds it difficult to
speak up when those with authority have the
floor. He comes from the same disadvantaged
background as the defendant.
Social Commentary The voiceless and disempowered
are at the mercy of others but are unlikely to
get it. Yet they have a legitimate voice and need
to be heard.
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Juror no. 6 The Unqualified Man
Key Script Im not qualified leave it to
others who are better at it.
Description An everyday honest working man but
somewhat dull-witted. He comes to his decisions
slowly and often guided by others. A man who
finds it difficult to create positive opinions,
and therefore listens to, digests and accepts
those opinions offered by others which appeal to
him most especially, those who have authority
over him. However, he is a moral man and can
stand up for those being treated badly.
Social Commentary a) That fear-based
decision-making has negative ramifications b)
Those that leave critical thinking to others are
part of the problem they fail the democratic
process and the pursuit of justice.
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Juror no. 7 The Hedonistic Man
Key Script Dont inconvenience me my
pleasure/convenience comes first.
Description A loud, brash salesman type who has
more important things to do than to sit on a
jury. He is quick to show temper, quick to form
opinions on things about which he knows nothing.
Is a bully and, of course, a coward. He is also
about his own pleasures and convenience moral
virtue does not take precedence.
Social Commentary Those that place self-interest
above their responsibility and civic duty are
given to expediency and cannot be relied on for
justice.
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Juror no. 8 The Man of Integrity
Key Script Take responsibility seriously. Care
about others.
Description A quiet, thoughtful, gentle man. A
man who sees all sides of every question and
constantly seeks the truth. A man of strength
tempered with compassion. Above all, he is a man
who wants justice to be done and will strive to
see that it is. Takes responsibility!
Social Commentary If they are to remain alive,
Democracy and Justice are an individuals
responsibility and must be deliberately and
consciously engaged (sometimes courageously).
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Juror no. 9 The Wise Man
Key Script It doesnt hurt to listen.
Description A mild gentle old man long since
defeated by time. A man who recognises himself
for what he is and mourns the days when it would
have been possible to be courageous without
shielding himself behind his many years.
However, he is also a wise man who has lived life
sufficiently to know that other voices are
worth hearing, especially those with the courage
of their convictions.
Social Commentary Justice requires us to at
least listen to the dissenter. Objectivity and
compassion are two of the keys to the proper
function of justice and democracy.
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Juror no. 10 The Bigoted Man
Key Script Everyone has to be like me.
Description An angry, bitter man. He is a man
who antagonises almost at sight. A bigot, who
places no value on any human life save his own, a
man who has been nowhere and is going nowhere and
knows it deep within himself.
Social Commentary Through this character is
described the potential danger of allowing racism
and bigotry to go unchecked xenophobia
guarantees injustice will prevail. Bigotry can
subvert the rights of individuals in a democratic
society.
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Juror no. 11 The Enlightened Man
Key Script Dont let it happen to others.
Description A refugee from Europe who has come
to this country in 1941. A man who speaks with an
accent and who is self-conscious, humble, almost
subservient to the people around him, but who
will honestly seek justice because he has
suffered through so much injustice.
Social Commentary If democracy and justice are
to work they must be thoughtfully valued and
rationally and logically defended at every
opportunity.
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Juror no. 12 The Hollow Man
Key Script Ive got nothing that is, unless you
like it.
Description A slick, bright advertising man who
thinks of human beings in terms of percentages,
graphs and polls and has no real understanding of
them. He is superficial, trying to be all things
to all men, but wants to be thought of better
than he is. He is not very intelligent.
Social Commentary His lack of defined point of
view reflects Americas post-war materialism
hollow and vacillating no sense of social
responsibility, responsible thought or behaviour.
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Themes
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Theme The Rule of Law

• This is one of the primary focuses of the text
  including the importance of the Jury in a
  democracy.
• Through the various jurors the potential threats
  to democracy are revealed.
• While the jurors spends the length of the play
  deliberating guilt there is no search for any
  single truth guilty or not.

• Rose believes (and posits in the play) that the
  wiser and more emotionally stable jurors must
  responsibly lead those men with less
  self-awareness and self-knowledge than they, if
  democracy is to have any chance to work justly
  and fairly (Cunningham 1991, p.69). Its also
  interesting that see that those who epitomise the
  spirit of American democracy are a) the weaker
  elderly man still allowed a voice b) the refugee
  embracing the freedoms America has to offer and
  c) the slum child who is now a contributing
  member of society apart from Juror 8 these are
  the first to rise to defend the democratic
  process.

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Theme The Rule of Law ... cont.

• The 8th Juror possesses a clear understanding of
  the Law and it is his role to defend the role of
  the jury system and the importance of
  deliberation and discussion in a democracy
• The burden of proof is on the prosecution
  (p.14)
• He continuously focuses on reasonable doubt
  which is a safeguard and has enormous value in
  our system. (p.66)
• He identifies the over-reliance on
  circumstantial evidence by the prosecution and
  questions the intelligence of defense counsel
  (p.20)
• He is contrasted with Juror 10 who dont give a
  goddam about the law (p.65) and sees his
  national duty as a nuisance and who becomes
  frustrated when cant use it legitimise his
  bigotry
• While Juror 8 has the moral fibre to stand alone
  so does Juror 3 I dont care whether Im alone
  or not. Its my right (p.71). The fear is that,
  while both are strong men able to stand against a
  group, one would take others down a path of
  personal retribution instead of prompting us to
  re-examine the obvious.

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Theme The Rule of Law ... cont.

• While the play appeals to the rules and
  regulations that govern socially acceptable
  behaviour there is another discussion that takes
  place. That moral conduct and inherent tendencies
  are more fundamental this is the point of the
  discussion about the psychiatrists testtimony.
• The prosecution (through the psychiatrist)
  alleged The boy had strong homicidal tendencies
  (p.58)
• 11th Juror reminds us we all have the potential
  the way he was brought up (p.59) influences
  his and others behaviour and furthermore, while
  we might be capable of committing murder ... We
  impose controls upon ourselves (p.59)

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Theme The Rule of Law ... cont.

• Finally, the play discusses the nature of
  evidence and testimony.
• The discussion has its beginnings in Juror 2s
  comment I just think hes guilty. ... I mean
  nobody proved otherwise. (p.14)
• Juror 8 puts, when discussing the facts, that
  testimony that could put a human being into the
  electric chair should be accurate. (p.35)
• This further developed by Juror 11 (possibly from
  personal experience) when he suggests Facts may
  be coloured by the personalities of the people
  who present them. (p.36)
• This followed by Juror 8s assertion that
  sometimes the facts that are staring you in the
  face are wrong! (p.38)
• Finally, Juror 2 echoes the need for irrefutable
  evidence later in the play with You cant send
  someone off to die on evidence like that. (p.71)

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Theme Prejudice and Racism
The background of the young man (an unidentified
minority, raise in a slum. The suppositions a)
slums are breeding grounds for criminals and b)
children raised in them are potential menaces to
society (p.18). Bigoted stereotypes and
generalisations conflict with reason, logic,
objectivity and common sense all of which must
triumph over prejudice if democracy is to
thrive. Rose, in this play, reveals the true
impact of prejudice and racism and its power to
subvert the very systems meant to guarantee
liberty and the pursuit of happiness for all.
Egalitarianism is easily voided in the hands of
humanity.
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Theme Prejudice and Racism... cont.

• The jury system is based on the ideal a
  defendant is tried by a jury of his peers. This
  is not the case in this circumstance.
• Technically the defendant and the jurors are
  equal before the law.
• However, his socio-economic origins translate
  into a set of assumptions, held by those
  entrusted to decide his guilt or innocence.

Prejudice is based on Definitions (give examples in the next chart
Stereotyping (attitude) A collection of beliefs held about a people belonging to a certain group. Leads to discrimination (behaviour) see below.
Hypocrisy Often based on inadequate information often inconsistent ideas are held about the group.
Fear Assessed as a threat so the group becomes they/them
Stigmatisation Negative evaluation that makes people of a group feel like outcasts leading to feelings of shame, loss of confidence, lower self-esteem and restricted ambitions in life.
Discrimination Positive or negative behaviour towards a particular group.
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Theme Prejudice and Racism... cont.
Prejudice Examples from the text
Stereotyping (attitude)
Hypocrisy
Fear
Stigmatisation
Discrimination (behaviour)
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Theme Civic Duty Social Responsibility
In a democracy the notion of active citizenship
is fundamental. It also requires that all who
participate are willing to transcend personal
differences in order to achieve a good. There
is a clear distinction in the play between those
who can do this and those who will always put
self-interest first. Furthermore those that are
ill-equipped to participate are highlighted as
are those who find it difficult to own
responsibility in the process. The play also
reveals that when people put aside personal
issues/prejudices that a collective wisdom can
surface and justice can prevail. Question How
are these issues relevant to Australia today?
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Theme Justice
The play is a warning about the fragility of
justice and the forces of complacency, prejudice,
and lack of civic responsibility that would
undermine it. Several jurors show that they are
virtually incapable of considering the matter
fairly and listening to opposing points of view.
Threat Answer
Juror 3 Personalised prejudice seeking retribution Juror 8 Refuses to let emotions interfere with the case
Juror 7 Lack of Civic Responsibility Juror 11 ... We have nothing to gain or lose by our verdict. This is one of the reasons why we are strong."
Juror 10 ( and to a lesser extent 4) Prejudiced against anyone that comes from the slum Juror 9 Challenges the prejudice All reject it in the end.
All (except 8) but particularly 12 suffer from complacency. 12 exemplifies how all have been persuaded by the prosecution Juror 8 Challenged by 8 no easy thing
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Topic Tracking The Fair Trial
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The Fair Trial

• Is predicated on 4 presumptions
• Innocent until proven guilty
• Evidence is accurate and objective
• The verdict is unanimous
• The Competence of Counsel (prosecutor and
  defence)
• A Jury that takes its responsibilities seriously
  and impartially
• Witnesses will tell the truth

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The Fair Trial Introduction (p.1-7)
Presumption Reference
1 Innocent until proven guilty
2 Competence of Counsel
3 Witnesses can be relied on
4 Jury is responsible impartial
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The Fair Trial Juror 8s concern (pp. 4-15)
Presumption Reference
1 Innocent until proven guilty
2 Competence of Counsel
3 Witnesses can be relied on
4 Jury is responsible impartial
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The Fair Trial Second Vote (pp. 15-19)
Presumption Reference
1 Innocent until proven guilty
2 Competence of Counsel
3 Witnesses can be relied on
4 Jury is responsible impartial
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The Fair Trial Third Vote (pp. 19-31)
Presumption Reference
1 Innocent until proven guilty
2 Competence of Counsel
3 Witnesses can be relied on
4 Jury is responsible impartial
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The Fair Trial First Demonstration (pp. 31-37)
Presumption Reference
1 Innocent until proven guilty
2 Competence of Counsel
3 Witnesses can be relied on
4 Jury is responsible impartial
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The Fair Trial Fourth Vote (pp. 38-40)
Presumption Reference
1 Innocent until proven guilty
2 Competence of Counsel
3 Witnesses can be relied on
4 Jury is responsible impartial
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The Fair Trial Second Demonstration (pp. 40-47)
Presumption Reference
1 Innocent until proven guilty
2 Competence of Counsel
3 Witnesses can be relied on
4 Jury is responsible impartial
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The Fair Trial Third Demonstration (pp. 47-50)
Presumption Reference
1 Innocent until proven guilty
2 Competence of Counsel
3 Witnesses can be relied on
4 Jury is responsible impartial
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The Fair Trial Fifth Vote (pp. 51-54)
Presumption Reference
1 Innocent until proven guilty
2 Competence of Counsel
3 Witnesses can be relied on
4 Jury is responsible impartial
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The Fair Trial Sixth Vote (pp. 54-58)
Presumption Reference
1 Innocent until proven guilty
2 Competence of Counsel
3 Witnesses can be relied on
4 Jury is responsible impartial
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The Fair Trial The verdict (pp. 58-59)
Presumption Reference
1 Innocent until proven guilty
2 Competence of Counsel
3 Witnesses can be relied on
4 Jury is responsible impartial
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A Look Around the Table
Opinion Shapers
Opinion Facilitators
Opinion Followers
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The Ineffectual Leader
The Timid
The Hollow
The Aggressiveness Bully
The Enlightened
The Bigot
The Dispassionately Rational
The Disempowered
The Bypassed Wise
The Carrier of Integrity
The Unqualified
The Hedonistic
Opinion Shapers
Opinion Facilitators
Opinion Followers
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Opinion Shapers
The Ineffectual Leader
The Timid
The Hollow
The Aggressive Bully
The Enlightened
The Bigot
The Dispassionately Rational
The Disempowered
The Bypassed Wise
The Carrier of Integrity
The Unqualified
The Hedonistic
67
Opinion Facilitators
The Ineffectual Leader
The Timid
The Hollow
The Aggressive Bully
The Enlightened
The Bigot
The Dispassionately Rational
The Disempowered
Bypassed Wisdom
The Carrier of Integrity
The Unqualified
The Hedonistic
68
Opinion Followers
The Ineffectual Leader
The Timid
The Hollow
The Aggressiveness Bully
The Enlightened
The Bigot
The Dispassionately Rational
The Disempowered
The Bypassed Wise
The Carrier of Integrity
The Unqualified
The Hedonistic
69
Another Look Around the Table
Using Directional Theory
Toward
Against
Away from
70
?
Toward
Against
Away from
71
Toward
Using Directional Theory
Compliance This category is seen as a process of
"moving towards people", or self-effacement.
Under Horney's theory children facing
difficulties with parents often use this
strategy. Fear of helplessness and abandonment
occursphenomena Horney refers to as "basic
anxiety". Those within the compliance category
tend to exhibit a need for affection and approval
on the part of their peers. They may also seek
out a partner, somebody to confide in, fostering
the belief that, in turn, all of life's problems
would be solved by the new cohort. A lack of
demands and a desire for inconspicuousness both
occur in these individuals.
72
Toward
Using Directional Theory
3 Variations (3 on the Enneagram) The
confronting approval-seeker The first variations
surface compulsion moves against people, while
the underlying compulsion moves toward people.
This explains why they may seem pushy and
competitive, while underneath they paradoxically
want the approval of others. These conflicting
surface and deep compulsions make them seem
deceptive, as they claim to have a strength of
direction while denying the deeper compulsion
that makes them follow the leadership of the
society around them.
73
Toward
Using Directional Theory
3 Variations (6 on the Enneagram) The compliant
alignment-seeker The second variations surface
and deep compulsions both move toward others.
This doubly-embracing nature makes them more
attached to their surroundings than any other
type. Unfortunately, sooner or later they attach
to a person or organization who is selfish,
incompetent, malicious, or neglectful. When they
realise they have done this, they often feel
betrayed and afraid of their own instincts.
Because their own trusting nature led to being
hurt, they may develop defence techniques to mask
their own compliance. Skeptical thinking,
counterphobic lashing out, are examples of this
types tactics which had their root in their
doubly-compliant drives.
74
Toward
Using Directional Theory
3 Variations (9 on the Enneagram) The withdrawn
approval-seeker The final type moves away from
others on the surface, but toward others
underneath. Hence, they are caught between
wanting to detach from others while still wanting
to identify with others in the long term. Their
habitual solution is to withdraw in
non-threatening ways, to allow themselves to
reconnect later. Generally they seem calm on the
surface, but their underlying feelings resonate
with the atmosphere that surrounds them, making
them fairly sensitive to the emotional states of
people around them. Like the first two types this
one is prone to the mistake of unquestioningly
taking on the values of others around them. Thus
their behaviour often takes the form of passive
acquiescence.
75
Against
Using Directional Theory
Aggression also called "moving against people",
or the "expansive" solution. Neurotic children or
adults within this category often
exhibit anger or basic hostility to those around
them. That is, there is a need for power, a need
for control and exploitation, and a maintenance
of a facade of omnipotence. The aggressive
individual may also wish for social recognition,
not necessarily in terms of limelight, but in
terms of simply being known (perhaps feared) by
subordinates and peers alike. In addition, the
individual has needs for a degree of personal
admiration by those within this person's social
circle and, lastly, for raw personal achievement.
These characteristics comprise the "aggressive"
neurotic type. Aggressive types also tend to keep
people away from them. On the other hand, they
only care about their wants and needs. They would
do whatever they can to be happy and wouldn't
desist from hurting anyone.
76
Against
Using Directional Theory
3 Variations (2 on the Enneagram) The embracing
power-seeker The first of these types have
compulsions move that toward others on the
surface, but against them underneath. This
explains how they can be warm, helpful, and even
seductive on the outside, while harbouring a
hidden agenda and a strong will underneath. This
willpower is masked by their embracing exterior
hence, they seek power through other people,
rather than through direct force. They may
befriend powerful people, exerting influence as
the "power behind the throne". All power-seekers
have a strong sense of ownership, which often
comes across as a possessive tendency. The
possessiveness of this type applies to people
similar those that seek to possess information
(hoarding), or physical resources
(territorialism). The y often get particular
credit for the universal human need to be loved.
 
77
Against
Using Directional Theory
3 Variations (5 on the Enneagram) The withdrawn
power-seeker This second type moves away from
others on the surface, but against others
underneath. Hence, they may seem apathetic and
laconic on the surface, but underneath they are
not as detached as they act. The power-seeking
drive seeks control, and is fearful of being
overwhelmed and losing control. The withdrawn
types by definition conserve physical energy, and
so they prefer intellectual or strategic
endeavours as distinct from active labour. Like
all power-seekers, they often acquire a "sphere"
of influence and a strong sense of owning this
sphere. The sphere is usually mental, as opposed
to the social sphere and the worldly sphere.
78
Against
Using Directional Theory
3 Variations (8 on the Enneagram) The
confronting power-seeker This third type moves
against others in both their surface and deep
compulsions, hence it is the most aggressive type
overall the power-seeking compulsion being at
its most obvious with their willpower,
self-reliance, and possessive tendencies quite
evident to others. As with, all the power-seeking
types they tend to acquire a "sphere of
influence", and in the case of this type, this
sphere tends to be physical and worldly, as
distinct from the intellectual and the social
spheres. The terms "aggressive" and "moving
against" often carry hostile connotations which
really only apply to unhealthy or average states.
In healthier states, the doubly-aggressive
compulsion makes them particularly able to rise
above incredible obstacles, giving them an
unusual ability to acquire a heroic stature.
79
Away from
Using Directional Theory
Detachment also called the "moving-away-from" or
"resigning" solution or a detached personality.
As neither aggression nor compliance solve
parental indifference, Horney recognized that
children might simply try to become self-sufficien
t. The withdrawing neurotic may disregard others
in a non-aggressive manner, regarding
solitude and independence as the way forth. The
stringent needs for perfection comprise another
part of this category those withdrawing may
strive for perfection above all else, to the
point where being flawed is utterly unacceptable.
Everything the "detached" type does must be
unassailable and refined. They suppress or deny
all feelings towards others, particularly love
and hate.
80
Away from
Using Directional Theory
3 Variations (1 on the Enneagram) The
confronting ideal-seeker The compulsion of this
type moves against others on the surface, but
away from others underneath. This is why they may
outwardly seem quite efficient and engaged, yet
underneath they are thinking more about some
ideal world that they are ultimately trying to
create. Ideals are descriptions of best possible
worlds, and their ideals are filtered through
their confronting exterior, which is proactive
and practical. Hence, their ideals are active and
practical, involving rules, principles, morality,
truth and justice. Like all the
inspiration-seekers, their ideals are essentially
infinite. Everything, no matter how good,
orderly, or just, can always be better, more
orderly and more just. Like all the
ideal-seekers, this type can become extremely
frustrated, because the world chronically falls
short of the ideal. Although they could relax by
setting reasonable limits, they resist this
because they cant bear the things they most live
for, might be unattainable.
81
Away from
Using Directional Theory
3 Variations (4 on the Enneagram) The withdrawn
ideal-seeker This types surface and deep
compulsions both move away from the environment,
making them the most introspective,
individualistic type of all. This
doubly-withdrawn compulsion gives them an unusual
freedom they are psychologically less bound by
the real-world constraints that other types feel.
This freedom makes them highly original and
creative, and highly attuned to the emotional
nuances that other types block out in order to
deal with practical life. However, this freedom
also gives rise to this types self-absorption
and alienation from ordinary life. Like the other
ideal-seekers, they seek a utopian ideal that
makes reality forever seem inadequate. All the
ideal-seekers feel a chronic sense of "something
missing", which in the case of this type applies
to their inner life. Their ideals are withdrawn
and intensely personal, making them the romantic
idealist as opposed to the practical idealism
others.
82
Away from
Using Directional Theory
3 Variations (7 on the Enneagram) The embracing
ideal-seeker This type embraces the world on the
surface, but moves away from it underneath. So
while they seem focused on enjoying the real
world, their mind is actually attending to a
glorious fantasy of how things could be even
better, and their unbounded fantasies make the
real world seem forever inadequate by comparison,
leading to a chronic feeling of having "missed
out" on something. However, their disappointments
are often hidden behind their embracing exterior,
which has a large capacity for positive,
appreciative emotions. Like the other
ideal-seekers, these are satisfied only with the
best of whatever they become interested in. But,
because they have so many positive feelings for
so many things, they may start to define "best"
in terms of quantity rather than quality. Their
inspiration-seeking qualities are
under-recognized, because many view them as a
glutton, seeking merely to consume everything in
sight.
83
Key Questions

1. Twelve Angry Men demonstrates the weaknesses of
   the jury system. Do you agree?
2. In the play, Twelve Angry Men, guilt or innocence
   of the accused is never resolved. Does this
   matter?
3. Twelve Angry Men is best interpreted as an attack
   on the Jury system do you agree?
4. Despite questioning the ultimate fairness of the
   jury system, Twelve Angry Men is, at heart, a
   tribute to this system. Discuss.
5. We have reasonable doubt, and this is a
   safeguard that has enormous value in our system.
   To what extent is reasonable doubt alone to be an
   effective safeguard?
6. Twelve Angry Men asserts that justice is more
   important that truth. Discuss
7. The 8th Jurors greatest achievement comes not
   from reasoning and logic, but from his ability to
   reach those who disagree with him? Discuss.
8. The 3rd Juror is the most flawed, but also the
   most realistic of Roses characters. Discuss.

84
Key Questions

• It is the dialogue in the play, rather than the
  setting which is the greatest source of tension.
  Do you agree?
• The 8th Jurors heroism lies in the individual
  courage and integrity he displays.
• The 11th Juror believes that jury duty is such a
  remarkable aspect of the democratic process.
  Why does he value it so?
• Juror 10 is the most frightening character in the
  play. Do you agree?
• Rose has called this play Twelve Angry Men. What
  is the significance of this?
• Rose acknowledges ... In a way, almost
  everything I wrote in the fifties was about
  McCarthy. To what extent is the historical
  period relevant to his play? Discuss.
• Twelve Angry Men shows that democracy is an
  individual concept. Discuss.
• The 8th Juror shows that democracy and justice
  must be the responsibility of each and every
  individual. Discuss.

85
Key Questions

1. The relationship between 3rd and 8th jurors is
   the most important element in 12 Angry Men.
   Discuss
2. 3rd juror says that everybody deserves a fair
   trial. Does the defendant in this case get a
   fair trial?
3. Twelve angry men shows that personal experience
   is the strongest factor influencing human
   decision-making processes. Discuss.
4. In 12 Angry Men, the characteristics of
   gentleness, empathy and rationality are valued
   above all else.
5. The 8th juror has no character flaws just as 3rd
   juror has no redeeming features, Discuss
6. 10th juror says what you want to believe you
   believe. How does 12 Angry Men show that we
   believe what we want to believe?
7. Twelve Angry men takes place in real time. How
   does Rose use this structure to strengthen his
   examination of the jury system.
8. Twelve Angry Men is a play about the
   impossibility of certainty. Discuss.

86
Class Task

• You are to create a television program
  (Investigative report) based on the events at the
  heart of the play, 12 Angry Men.
• You should focus on four areas
• The background of the defendant
• The case against the defendant
• The skills of the prosecution and the defence
• The processes in the Jury room
• The critical learning that can be drawn from this
• Remember this is not a re-enactment of the play
  but a probing of the play. You will need a
  presenter, interviewers, interviewees and
  commentators. This is to be filmed and produced
  as a 30 minute special. You will need to assume
  an American format for this as it is possible to
  interview jurors after the event in their system.
  You will have two weeks to complete this task
  most of the work will need be done out of
  class-time.