Q.O.T.D.

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Q.O.T.D.

• Q What does coffee do to your body?
• Go ask Alice Columbia University

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Chemistry of the cell

• Biology 11

Chapter 2 Please read pages 32-42
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(No Transcript)
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Life is organic!

• Organic compounds are Carbon (C) based compounds.
• Living things (including cells) are composed of
  the following types of organic compounds
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic acids

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Periodic Table
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Hydrogen
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Oxygen
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Carbon
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Carbohydrates

• Sugars and starches
• Used for energy (example glucose) and
  structural parts of cells (example cellulose)
• Contain the following elements C, H O
• Always have a 21 ratio of HO

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Monosaccharides

• Building blocks monosaccharides
• examples glucose, fructose, galactose
• Monosaccharides are also known as single sugars.
  
• Molecular formula C6H12O6

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Monosaccharides continued

• Structural formula for glucose

Note the ring thing
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Disaccharides

• Disaccharides are double sugars.
• Molecular formula C12H22O11
• Examples
• Maltose glucose glucose
• Lactose glucose galactose
• Sucrose glucose fructose
• Notice the ose trend???

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How do you build a disaccharide?

• Dehydration synthesis

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Dehydration synthesis

• Is the building of a larger, more complex
  compound by the removal of a water molecule from
  two smaller, less complex compounds. (an anabolic
  process)
• A B ? AB H2O

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Hydrolysis

• The reverse process of dehydration synthesis.
• The breaking down of a larger more complex
  compound into two smaller less complex compounds
  by the addition of a water molecule. (a catabolic
  process)
• AB H2O ? A B

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Biochemistry Video

• Frozen Frogs

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Polysaccharides

• Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates
• Examples cellulose, starch, glycogen and chitin
  

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Exoskeletons are made of chitin!
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Lipids

• Fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids and steroids
• Contain elements C, H O
• Do not dissolve in water!

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Uses of Lipids

• Long term energy storage
• FYI - 1g of lipid contains 2.25X as much energy
  as 1g of carbohydrate!
• Cushioning of internal organs
• Hormones (estrogens, testosterone)
• Cell membrane (phospholipids)

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Lipids

• Building blocks glycerol fatty acids

Fatty acid
Glycerol
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Lets build a triglyceride!
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Saturated vs. Unsaturated
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Q.O.T.D.

• Q What is ear wax and why is it produced in the
  human body?
• A Ear wax a.k.a. cerumen
• It is produced by two different types of glands
  in the ear
• It is composed of
• Skin cells and keratin
• Fatty acids
• Alcohol
• Cholesterol
• Functions include
• Natural cleanser
• Protects the ear
• Anti-bacterial / anti-fungal properties
• Contains lysozyme and has a low pH

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Discussion Questions

• Compare and contrast dehydration synthesis and
  hydrolysis.
• Give some examples of complex carbohydrates.
• How could a cell get usable energy from starch or
  glycogen?
• Explain how and where lipids are formed.
• What is the difference between a saturated and
  unsaturated fat?

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Nitrogen
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ProteiNs

• Contain elements C, H, O N (nitrogen!)
• Examples feathers, wool, silk, hormones
  (example insulin), hemoglobin, enzymes,
  membrane proteins, pigments

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Amino acids

• Building blocks of proteins Amino Acids
• General formula

R variable, differs for each of the 20 AAs
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Language of proteins

• Dipeptides two amino acids bonded together
• Polypeptides long chains of amino acids bonded
  together
• Peptide bonds covalent bonds formed between
  amino acids (by dehydration synthesis!)

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Cystic Fibrosis

• Cracking the Code of Life

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Summary questions

• How would you be able to identify a carbohydrate,
  from a lipid, from a protein?
• Compare and contrast
• carbohydrate lipid
• lipid protein
• carbohydrate protein

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Probe tomorrow are you ready?!

• 1 What are the building blocks of carbohydrates,
  give an example.
• 2 How / where are polypeptides built?
• 3 List two functions of lipids.
• 4 What are the components of a triglyceride?

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Q.O.T.D.

• Q Why is horseshoe crab blood blue?
• A They do not have hemoglobin, they have
  hemocyanin.

• Benefits of blue blood NGM
• Blood clots in the presence of endotoxins (which
  are produced by harmful bacteria)
• Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL)
• 1 quart of horseshoe crab blood is worth 15
  000!

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Interesting facts about the

• Horeshoe crab!
• http//news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/01/08
  0131-oldest-crab.html
• http//www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/?p6442
• Too cute!!!

• Horeshoe crab!
• http//news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/01/08
  0131-oldest-crab.html
• http//www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/?p6442
• Too cute!!!

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Cell Chemistry Essay

• Step One Do you know the vocabulary?
• Use your glossary / chapters 1 2
• Step Two Organize the terms
• Protein words, lipid words, and carb. words
• Step Three Write paragraphs
• Dont just define words
• Step Four Introduction and conclusion
• Welcome and wrap up

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Mrs. Cobbs MM guilt - rationalized??

• Ingredients
• Sucrose (sugar)
• Lactose (milk sugar)
• Glucose (corn syrup)
• Cocoa butter
• Carnauba wax
• Peanuts
• Protein
• Peanut oil