Nanotechnology: manufacturing as extended chemistry

1
(No Transcript)
2
Nanotechnologymanufacturing as extended
chemistry

• Ralph C. Merkle, Ph.D.
• Principal Fellow

3
Slides on web

• The overheads (in PowerPoint) are available on
  the web at
• http//www.zyvex.com/nanotech/talks/ppt/
• ACS Santa Clara 010524.ppt

4
Foresight

• Ninth Foresight Conferenceon Molecular
  Nanotechnology
• November 9-11, 2001
• Santa Clara, CaliforniaIntroductory tutorial
  November 8
• www.foresight.org/Conferences/MNT9/

5
Foresight
www.nanodot.org
www.foresight.org/SrAssoc/
Gatherings
6
Health, wealth and atoms
7
Arranging atoms

• Diversity
• Precision
• Cost

8
Richard Feynman,1959
Theres plenty of room at the bottom
9
Eric Drexler, 1992
10
President Clinton, 2000
The National Nanotechnology Initiative

• Imagine the possibilities materials with ten
  times the strength of steel and only a small
  fraction of the weight -- shrinking all the
  information housed at the Library of Congress
  into a device the size of a sugar cube --
  detecting cancerous tumors when they are only a
  few cells in size.

11
Arrangements of atoms
.
Today
12
The goal
.
13
What to make
Diamond physical properties

• Property Diamonds value Comments
• Chemical reactivity Extremely low
• Hardness (kg/mm2) 9000 CBN 4500 SiC 4000
• Thermal conductivity (W/cm-K) 20 Ag 4.3 Cu
  4.0
• Tensile strength (pascals) 3.5 x 109
  (natural) 1011 (theoretical)
• Compressive strength (pascals) 1011 (natural) 5 x
  1011 (theoretical)
• Band gap (ev) 5.5 Si 1.1 GaAs 1.4
• Resistivity (W-cm) 1016 (natural)
• Density (gm/cm3) 3.51
• Thermal Expansion Coeff (K-1) 0.8 x 10-6 SiO2
  0.5 x 10-6
• Refractive index 2.41 _at_ 590 nm Glass 1.4 - 1.8
• Coeff. of Friction 0.05 (dry) Teflon 0.05
• Source Crystallume

14
Hydrocarbon bearing
15
Hydrocarbon universal joint
16
Rotary to linear
NASA Ames
17
Bucky gears
NASA Ames
18
Bearing
19
Planetary gear
20
Neon pump
21
Fine motion controller
22
Positional assembly
23
Thermal noise
s mean positional error k restoring force kb
Boltzmanns constant T temperature
24
Thermal noise
s 0.02 nm (0.2 Å) k 10 N/m kb 1.38 x 10-23
J/K T 300 K
25
Making diamond today
Illustration courtesy of P1 Diamond Inc.
26
A synthetic strategy for the synthesis of
diamondoid structures
Molecular tools

• Positional assembly (6 degrees of freedom)
• Highly reactive compounds (radicals, carbenes,
  etc)
• Inert environment (vacuum, noble gas) to
  eliminate side reactions

27
Hydrogen abstraction tool
28
Other molecular tools
29
C2 deposition
30
Carbene insertion
31
Experimental work
H. J. Lee and W. Ho, SCIENCE 286, p. 1719,
NOVEMBER 1999
32
Experimental work
Manipulation and bond formation by STM
Saw-Wai Hla et al., Physical Review Letters 85,
2777-2780, September 25 2000
33
Self replication
34
Complexity (bits)

• Von Neumann's constructor 500,000
• Mycoplasma genitalia 1,160,140
• Drexler's assembler 100,000,000
• Human 6,400,000,000
• NASA over 100,000,000,000

35
Self replication
The Von Neumann architecture
Universal Computer
Universal Constructor
http//www.zyvex.com/nanotech/vonNeumann.html
36
Self replication
Replicating bacterium
DNA
DNA Polymerase
37
Self replication
Drexlers proposal for an assembler
http//www.foresight.org/UTF/Unbound_LBW/chapt_6.h
tml
38
Broadcast architecture
Macroscopic computer
http//www.zyvex.com/nanotech/selfRep.html
39
Replication
Manufacturing costsper kilogramwill be low

• Today potatoes, lumber, wheat, etc. are all
  about a dollar per kilogram.
• Tomorrow almost any product will be about a
  dollar per kilogram or less. (Design costs,
  licensing costs, etc. not included)

40
An overview of replicating systemsfor
manufacturing
Replication

• Advanced Automation for Space Missions, edited by
  Robert Freitas and William Gilbreath NASA
  Conference Publication 2255, 1982
• A web page with an overview of replication
  http//www.zyvex.com/nanotech/selfRep.html

41
Impact
The impact of a new manufacturing
technology depends on what you make
42
Impact
Powerful Computers

• Well have more computing power in the volume of
  a sugar cube than the sum total of all the
  computer power that exists in the world today
• More than 1021 bits in the same volume
• Almost a billion Pentiums in parallel

43
Impact
Lighter, stronger, smarter, less expensive

• New, inexpensive materials with a
  strength-to-weight ratio over 50 times that of
  steel
• Critical for aerospace airplanes, rockets,
  satellites
• Useful in cars, trucks, ships, ...

44
Impact
Nanomedicine

• Disease and ill health are caused largely by
  damage at the molecular and cellular level
• Todays surgical tools are huge and imprecise in
  comparison

45
Impact
Nanomedicine

• In the future, we will have fleets of surgical
  tools that are molecular both in size and
  precision.
• We will also have computers much smaller than a
  single cell to guide those tools.

46
Impact
Size of a robotic arm 100 nanometers
8-bit computer
Mitochondrion 1-2 by 0.1-0.5 microns
47
Impact
Mitochondrion
Size of a robotic arm 100 nanometers
Typical cell 20 microns
48
Typical cell
Mitochondrion
Molecular computer peripherals
49
Remove bad things
50
Respirocytes
http//www.foresight.org/Nanomedicine/Respirocytes
.html
51
Nanomedicine Volume I

• Nanosensors, nanoscale scanning
• Power (fuel cells, other methods)
• Communication
• Navigation (location within the body)
• Manipulation and locomotion
• Computation
• http//www.foresight.org/Nanomedicine
• By Robert Freitas,

52
A revolution in medicine

• Today, loss of cell function results in cellular
  deterioration
• function must be preserved
• With medical nanodevices, passive structures can
  be repaired structure must be preserved

53
Cryonics
Liquid nitrogen
Temperature
Time
54
Payoff matrix



It works
It doesn't

Experimental group www.alcor.org
A very long and healthy life
Die, lose life insurance





Control group
Die
Die


55
Public perception

• Thus, like so much else in medicine, cryonics,
  once considered on the outer edge, is moving
  rapidly closer to reality
• ABC News World News Tonight, Feb 8th
• medical advances are giving new credibility
  to cryonics.
• KRON 4 News, NightBeat, May 3, 2001

56
Human impacton the environment
The environment

• Population
• Living standards
• Technology

57
Reducing human impacton the environment
The environment

• Greenhouse agriculture/hydroponics
• Solar power
• Pollution free manufacturing

58

• Nanotechnology offers ... possibilities for
  health, wealth, and capabilities beyond most past
  imaginings.
• K. Eric Drexler

59
(No Transcript)