Title: Black Southerners Challenge
1- Chapter 15
- Black Southerners Challenge
- White Supremacy
2Social Darwinism
- Semi-scientific evidence and academic scholarship
- Whites (Anglo-Saxons) culturally and racially
superior - Applied evolution to human societies, races
- Justified great wealth
- Obligation to share values of western world
- White mans burden poem echoing the
responsibility of the advanced white man to take
care of the genetically less advanced
3II. Education and Schools
- Irregular and uneven
- Field work limited black education
- Few opportunities
- Equipment and supplies
- Segregated schools
- Two school systems
- Expensive
4Black and White Illiteracy in the United States
and the Southern States, 18801900
- Figure 151. Black and White Illiteracy in the
United States and the Southern States, 18801900 - Although more than half of adult black
Southerners were still illiterate in 1900, black
people had made substantial progress in education
during the last two decades of the nineteenth
century. This progress is especially remarkable
considering the difficulties black youngsters and
adults faced in acquiring even an elementary
education.
5South Carolinas Black and White Public Schools,
19081909
6The Hampton Model
- S.C. governor Coleman Blease, Instead of making
an educated negro, you are ruining a good plow
hand and making a half-trained fool. - Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute
- Founded 1868, Virginia
- Samuel Chapman Armstrong white missionary
- Vocational training
- shoemaking, carpentry, tailoring, sewing
- Middle class values
- Accepted Jim Crow practices
- Prized Student Booker T. Washington
7Washington and Tuskegee
- Booker T. Washington
- Apostle of industrial training
- Hampton graduate
- Born a slave, 1856
- Founded Tuskegee Institute, 1881
- Accepted segregationfor now
- Stressed learning a skill
- industrial-agricultural work would earn respect
and acceptance for race - Gained white peoples support and money
8Booker T. Washington
- Booker T. Washington, looking regal in this
portrait, was the most influential black leader
in America by 1900. White business and political
leaders were reassured by his message that black
people themselves were responsible for their
economic progress and that people of color should
avoid a direct challenge to white supremacy.
Although W. E. B. Du Bois appreciated
Washingtons commitment to the advancement of
black people, he believed more emphasis should be
placed on developing an educated elite who would
take the lead in solving the race problem.
Washington was a Southerner who looked for
practical solutions to the problems of everyday
life Du Bois was a Northerner who stressed the
need for intellectual advancement.
9Tuskegee Critics
- Subordinate roles
- Trained black people for lives of labor
- Education more than acquisition of skills
- Intellectual growth and development
- W. E. B. Du Bois
- Harvard trained scholar
- Talented tenth
- The best educated 10 of blacks had to help
promote progress and advance the race
10(No Transcript)
11III. Church and Religion
- Baptist was largest denomination
- More autonomy - self rule
- Less supervision from church hierarchy
- Churches provided opportunity free from white
interference - Sanctuary for black women
12Church Affiliation Among Southern Black People
1890
- The vast majority of black Southerners belonged
to Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian
congregations in the late nineteenth century,
although there were about 15,000 black
Episcopalians and perhaps 200,000 Roman
Catholics.
Source Edward L. Ayers, The Promise of the New
South, pp. 16061.
13The Church Solace and Escape
- The joys of heaven trials of life will gain
you rewards in afterlife - Emotional involvement
- Enthusiastic participation
- Many did not challenge white supremacy
- Black religious gatherings threatened white
people - Churches burned, black ministers assassinated
14Cool Down
- Explain the position of both Booker T. Washington
and WEB Dubois on education. - In the late 1800s whos position do you support
as being better for black education? Explain?
15Page 511 Chapter 15 Section 3 two column notes
List All Key Terms on Page 511 Definitions
Section headings (red and green) Write each section heading and subheading on this side Summary of each sections Detailed highlights of each sections on this side
Guide to Reading Questions on Page 511 Answer the questions on this side
16IV. Red Versus Black The Buffalo Soldiers
- Army Reorganization Act of 1869
- Required four all-black regiments
- Western frontier fighting the Plains Indians
- Segregated units
- White officers -Often racist
- Poor equipment, inferior food, inadequate housing
- Less likely to desert or use alcohol
- Developed immense pride as professional soldiers
- Plains Indians associated black soldiers with
buffalo
17Military Posts where Black Troops Served,
18661917
Map 151. Military Posts where Black Troops
Served, 18661917 Black troops in the Ninth and
Tenth Calvary and the Twenty-fourth and
Twenty-fifth Infantry were assigned almost
exclusively to western military posts from the
end of the Civil War until the early twentieth
century.
18The Buffalo Soldiers
- Combat
- Black soldiers used to subdue Red people
- Civilian hostility to black soldiers
- Brownsville, 1906
- Discriminated by white people and Mexicans
- Civilian attacks on individual soldiers
- August 14th, violence erupts and black soldiers
blamed - 167 black soldiers dismissed
- Government admits injustice, 1972
19V. African Americans in the Navy
- More unappealing than the army
- Black sailors represented ten percent
- Integrated ships
- Blacks and sailors served together
- White sailors
- Refused to eat, bunk, or take orders from black
men - Black men stoked boilers, cooked, and served food
20VI. The Black Cowboys
- 5,000 black cowboys
- Rode herds
- Cattle drives to Kansas, Nebraska, and Missouri
21Cool Down
- Do you believe that Booker T. Washington's
approach of learning a skill or craft was a
positive approach towards civil rights or do you
believe that it was accepting of an inferior
status? Explain.
22IX. Black Entrepreneurs
- Black businesses
- Banks, newspapers, insurance companies, etc.
- Maggie Lena Walker founded St. Lukes Penny
Savings Bank. Became the wealthiest black women
in America - Madam C. J. Walker developed a formula to
enrich the hair of black women. Donated to
Bethune Cookman, Tuskegee and the NAACP. Died a
millionaire - Business failures
- Too dependent on poor, black people
- Difficult to obtain financing
23 X. African Americans and Labor
- Black men worked in factories, mines, and mills
- Usually paid less than white men
- White men claimed blacks robbed them of jobs
- Black women worked for white families
- Cooks, laundresses, and maids
24XI. Black Professionals
- Strictly segregated
- Medicine
- Barred from AMA
- National Medical Association, 1895
- Black nurses
- Inappropriate profession for black women
- Considered domestics, not trained professional
- Law
- Permitted to practice in court
- Barred from ABA
25XII. Music
- Ragtime
- Composed for piano, no lyrics
- Jazz
- Not composed and not confined to piano, mostly
improvised - Originated in New Orleans
- Blues
- The music of poor, black southerners
- Guitar, harmonica, washboard
26XIII. Sports
- Boxing - No official prohibition
- Jack Johnson First black heavyweight champion
- Whites looked for a great white hope
- Retired former champion, Jim Jeffries, unretired
to fight Johnson and reclaim the title for
whites. - Johnson knocked him out.
- Johnson divorced his first wife (black) and
married a white woman. - They faced social ostracism, she committed
suicide - Married a second white woman
- Johnson was arrested for violating the Mann Act
- Mann Act Illegal to transport a woman across
state lines for immoral purposes - Sentenced to a year in prison and fined 1,000
he fled to Canada then France. - Lost his title in 1915 in Havana in the 26th
round many believe he threw the fight to avoid
a longer sentence. - Returned to the US and served 10 months in
Leavenworth Prison.
27Jack Johnson Spars with Marty Cutler
- Jack Johnson spars with Marty Cutler in the early
twentieth century. Johnson was a superb fighter
whose ability to defeat white boxers rankled many
white men. But Johnsons involvement with white
women infuriated them even more and led to his
imprisonment.
28Sports cont.
- Baseball
- Both blacks and whites played after the Civil War
- Moses Fleetwood Walker the last black man to
play in MLB. Segregated in 1887. - Basketball
- Black children played in organized YMCA games,
1906 - College Athletics
- Black students not allowed to participate
- All black conference was created, CIAA, Central
Intercollegiate Athletic Association
29Cool Down
- In what ways did black people make significant
professional gains?