The Market Revolution North

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The Market RevolutionNorth

• 1815-1860

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Study Guide Identifications

• Transportation, Market Industrial Revolutions
• Immigration and Scapegoat
• Status of artisan
• Rhode Island and Waltham System
• Cult of Domesticity
• Purity Crusade
• Universal White Male suffrage
• 2nd Great Awakening

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Study Guide Questions

• What marked the increasing industrialization in
  the US economy between 1815 1860?
• How and why did inequalities increase among the
  rich, the middle class and the working class?

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Changes that allowed for the Industrial Revolution

• Transportation Revolution
• Improvements in transportation made that
  transformation possible
• Federal, state and corporate investments in
  transportation improvements
• Roads, Canals, Railroads
• Market Revolution
• Transition from domestic markets to for distant
  markets
• Industrial Revolution
• Domestic hand labor to machine and factory output
• Immigration
• Cheap and exploitable labor

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Immigration

• Political turmoil and Famine brought Massive
  immigration
• Irish Potato Famine 1845-1846
• 2.5 Million (30 of Irelands population)
• German immigration 1840-60
• 4.2 Million
• Provided Cheap/Exploitable Labor
• Used to scapegoat political, economic social
  issues

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The Bog Trotters
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The Poor House from Galway
The Irish fill our prisons, our poor houses,
scratch a convict or a pauper, and the chances
are that you tickle the skin of an Irish
Catholic. Putting them on a boat and sending them
home would end crime in this country
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The Great Fear of the PeriodThat Uncle Sam is
Swallowed by Foreigners
The Problem Solved
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Thomas Nast Cartoon, 1870Expresses the worry
that the Irish Catholics threatened American
Freedom
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Artisan Status

• Early industry The Putting Out System
• Status of Artisan
• Owned tools of production
• Owned shops
• Managed time and produce
• skilled workers
• Independence
• prestige

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Shoe Makers
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Textile Industries Industrial Espionage

• Slaters Rhode Island System
• Water powered spinning machine
• The Rhode Island System
• The countryside factory towns Labor of Farmers
  daughters
• Lowells Waltham System
• Machines that turned raw cotton into finished
  cloth
• Boston Associates Co. 1813
• Fully mechanized
• By the 1830s - Unskilled, female labor

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Daguerreotype of a young mill girl, c. 1850,
Massachusetts
Middlesex Company Woolen Mills 1848
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Urban Industry

• Industrial Revolution and the Widening gap
  between the rich and the poor
• By 1835 cities were serving commercial
  agriculture and factory towns that produced for
  largely rural domestic market.
• Creation of the Urban working class
• In the cities there was little concern for
  creating a classless industrial society.

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Class Hierarchy

• The richest men
• importers and exporters and took control of banks
  and insurance companies and made great fortunes
  in urban real estate
• Growing middle class
• Commercial Class
• Wholesale and retail merchants,
• lawyers, salesmen, auctioneers, bookkeepers and
  accountants
• clerks on the bottom creating a white-collar
  class to cater to the new emerging consumer
  society.

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Middle Class Ideal

• Consumer goods
• Symbols of their middle class status
• Notions of gentility
• distinction between manual and non manual work

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Cult of Domesticity

• The separation of work and home
• New sense of class-consciousness.
• Middle class fathers left for their jobs while
  mothers governed households.
• Reduction in size of families
• 1820s ministers and female writers elevated the
  family role of middle class women into a cult of
  domesticity

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Cult of Domesticity

• Biological difference determined separate social
  roles for men and women.
• Men
• strong, aggressive and ambitious, intelligent
• Place in business and politics.
• Women
• Kind, pure, emotional, moral
• Place to preserve religion and morality in the
  home and family

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The Hands

• Producers of consumer goods
• The hands
• Growth in Demand
• Growth in Working class
• Shoemaking, tailoring and the building trade were
  divided into skilled and semiskilled segments and
  farmed out to subcontractors who could turn a
  profit by cutting labor costs

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Rising Standard of Living

• After 1815
• per capita income doubled
• living standards rose
• Houses larger, better furnished, heated.
• Food more plentiful and varied
• The cost
• Half of all adult white males without land
• wealth had become more concentrated.
• In 1800 the richest 10 percent of Americans owned
  40-50 of the national wealth, by the 1850s they
  owned 70. In the cities they owned over 80.

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Lowered Standard of Living

• First Slums appeared in the mid 1800s
• Huge influx of immigrants and creation of
  exploitable labor force
• Overcrowded Housing
• Contaminated water supplies
• Lack of Sewage
• Disease and high mortality rates
• Cholera and Typhus

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Five Points District
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Evangelical Crusades

• Early 19th C ministers bolstered doctrine of
  separate spheres
• Clerical endorsement of female moral superiority
  in exchange for womens activism
• Decline of clerical authority in society
• Opposed forces that seemed to act against womens
  interests
• Materialism
• Intemperance
• Licentiousness

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Purity Crusade

• Traditionally both men and women wee sexual
  beings, women weaker willed, lustful and
  licentious and insatiable
• Purity Crusade women lacked sexual feeling, lust
  and carnality became a part of mens sphere
• Etiquette manuals counseled to deter male
  advances

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Professional Medicine Womens Sexuality

• Women were Asexual beings
• Defined by their sex sexual roles, yet did not
  desire it
• Dr Alcott, Women, as is well known, in a natural
  stateseldom if ever makes any of those advances,
  which clearly indicates sexual desire and for
  this very plain reason, she does not feel them.
• Only low women suffered from the indignity of
  sexual desire
• Long periods of abstinence proper
• Masturbation damaged future offspring, and caused
  mania and idiocy on the guilty party

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Middle Upper class invalids

• Chronic invalidism among women
• Middle class culture idealized female debility
• 1800s doctors came close the defining femaleness
  as an illness itself

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Twin Revolutions

• Universal White Male Suffrage Movement
• Suffrage extended to white males (1807-1860s)
• By the 1800s race and gender began to replace
  wealth and status as the basis for defining the
  limits of political participation

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Twin Revolutions

• Second Great Awakening (1800-1840)
• Salvation open to all reinforced the legitimacy
  of one man, one vote
• Women provided a welcomed release from being
  treated like beasts of burden and drudges of
  domineering masters
• Blacks advocated spiritual and secular equality
• Platform to directly challenge slavery

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Social Changes

• Extension of white male suffrage
• Development of common schools
• By 1850 ½ women gained literacy
• Evangelicalism democratized salvation
• Development of the Abolition movement out of the
  evangelical revivals
• Abolition movement split into the Womens movement

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New York 1837Foreigners and aliens to our
government and laws, strangers to our
institutions are permitted to flock to this land
and in a few years are endowed with all the
privileges of citizens, but we native born
Americansare most of us shut out.