Geography Unit 1 Part 2 Notes

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Geography Unit 1 Part 2
Notes

• McFarland

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Landforms
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Plate Tectonics

• The theory that attempts to explain how the
  worlds large landforms were formed, dividing
  Earths crust into more than a dozen rigid
  slow-moving plates, beginning with one super
  continent call Pangaea that split into the modern
  continents.

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7 Modern Continents

• North America
• South America
• Europe
• Africa
• Asia
• Australia
• Antarctica

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Types of Landforms

• Valleys
• Plains
• Plateaus

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Effects of Landforms

• Human settlement has influenced landforms
  throughout history.
• Mud slides and volcano lava remind us that the
  earth is constantly changing.

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Human Geography
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Culture

• includes all the features of a societys way of
  life.
• Language
• Religion
• Government
• Economics
• Food
• Clothing
• Architecture
• Family life

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Culture Region

• An area with many shared culture traits is called
  a culture region.

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Cultures are changingconstantly.

• Innovation - people are always thinking of new
  ways of doing things.
• Culture diffusion - the spread of innovations or
  other cultures traits into another culture
  region.
• Acculturation - occurs when one culture changes a
  great deal through its meeting with another
  culture.

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How People Shape the Land

• Hunting and gathering
• Agriculture
• Subsistence agriculture - people grow food on
  small farms mostly for their own families.
• Commercial agriculture - growing crops for sale.

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City Life

• Urbanization - growth in the proportion of people
  living in towns and cities.
• Culture Hearths - urbanized centers of important
  new ideas and developments.
• Today, cities are centers of manufacturing.
  Communications, education, government services,
  and the arts.

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Industrialization

• Industrialization - allowed goods to be made in
  abundance and at a lower cost.

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Culture and World Events

• Nationalism - Feelings of pride and loyalty for
  ones country can sometimes lead to
  discrimination, unfairness, or even war.
• Religion - a key culture trait. (According to the
  1998 World Almanac. 34 of the worlds population
  profess to be Christians).

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• Traditional versus modern values
• Some cultures adapt to change easily, whereas
  other cultured do not.
• Fundamentalism-a movement that stresses the
  strict following of basic traditional principles.

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Politics

• In totalitarian governments, a few people decide
  what is best for everyone.
• In democratic governments, everyone has a voice
  in government.
• The United Nations is a worldwide organization
  that tries to settle problems among and within
  countries.

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Economics

• Some countries have abundant raw materials and
  successful industries others have only a few.

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• The information age is closely linking people
  throughout the world.

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Population Geography

• The study of the variations and changes in a
  populations makeup, distribution, movement, and
  relationship to its environment.

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Demography

• The study of human population that emphasizes
  statistical characteristics, or facts and
  figures.

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Four large regions of dense human settlement

• East Asia
• South Asia
• Western Europe
• Eastern North America

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• There are 6.8 billion people in the world
  today. By the year 2020, the worlds population
  will be more that 7 billion, surpassing 10
  billion during the 21st Century.

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Birth Rates and Death Rates

• Geographers use birth rates (number of births per
  1000 people in a given year) and death rates
  (number of deaths per 1000 people in a given
  year) to explain population growth.

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Emigrant or Immigrant ?

• Emigrants (those who move out of a country) and
  Immigrants (those who move into a country) also
  affect a countrys population growth or decline.

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Resources and Environmental Change
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Soils and Forrest

• People have developed ways to conserve and enrich
  the soil.
• Forests are a valuable renewable resource.

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Forests

• Steps to conserve our forests by our federal
  government started in the early 1900s by
  declaring certain area as national forests, and
  requiring reforestation (renewing forests through
  the planting of seeds or young trees) in national
  forests that are logged.
• Deforestation, or the clearing of forests, is
  occurring at a rapid rate in the tropical rain
  forests of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
• In northwestern North America, the native
  temperate forests are being logged at a rapid
  rate.

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Water and Air

• Water quantity and quality are serious
  challenges. Some countries rely on
  desalinization plants, which change salty
  seawater into fresh water. Droughts cause water
  shortages.
• Flood control-Floods have killed millions of
  people over the centuries. Dams and levees are
  built to control flood waters.

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Water and Air

• Water quality-In developing nations, sewage often
  comes in contact with the drinking water supply.
  In developed countries, water is contaminated by
  industrial chemicals, fertilizers, pesticides,
  metals, and oil.
• Air Pollution-A serious problem facing many large
  urban and industrial areas. Acid Rain is caused
  when released by industrial smoke stacks combine
  with water vapor in the atmosphere.

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Global air pollution

• The ozone layer has become depleted over the
  Antarctic causing a rise in skin cancer rates in
  the Southern Hemisphere. The ozone layer is
  apparently destroyed when a group of chemicals
  called CFCs rise in the atmosphere and set off
  chemical reactions.

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Global air pollution

• Another threat to the atmosphere is global
  warming caused by the greenhouse effect, which
  results from an apparent buildup of carbon
  dioxide in the lower atmosphere, trapping heat
  and causing long-term warming of the planet. Some
  scientists warn that sea levels will rise, some
  types of vegetation will die, and entire
  ecosystems will be destroyed.

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Two ways to protect us from the greenhouse
effect.

• decrease the burning of fuels that pollute
• stop cutting the worlds forests

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Energy Resources

• Fossil fuels - nonrenewable resources that
  include coal, petroleum and natural gas.
• Coal - burned to make electricity combined with
  iron ore to make steel, (burning coal causes acid
  rain and air pollution).
• Petroleum - has replaced coal as the preferred
  energy source mainly used for liquid fuels, such
  as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. (The world
  supply may last only another 50 years). The
  largest petroleum reserves are found in Saudi
  Arabia and neighboring Persian Gulf countries.
• Natural gas - cleanest burning fossil fuel, can
  be shipped through pipelines

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Nuclear Energy

• Today, there are more than 400 nuclear power
  plants in more than 30 nations. The United
  States has more that 100 operating nuclear power
  plants and these plants produce about 20 of the
  nations electricity.

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2 Serious Problems

• Nuclear accidents
• Nuclear waste

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Renewable Energy sources

• Flowing water-produces hydroelectric power
• Geothermal energy-underground heat
• Solar energy-involves capturing the suns light
  energy
• Wind power.

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Population and Resources

• Population growth - population growth rates are
  important, control of population growth would
  control the standard of living for a nations
  citizens.

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Two Concerns of Lower Birth Rates

• Few young people to enter the work force.
• Growing percentage of elderly people causes
  increased cost of health care

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• World population increases by more than 1 million
  people every five days, natural resources are not
  evenly distributed and people must share and use
  these resources wisely.

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Birth / Death Rates

• The following are the birth rates death rates per
  1,000 for the following nations.
• United States 14.6/8.8
• Brazil 20.4/9.4
• China 16.5/6.9
• Russia 9.5/14.8
• Democratic Republic of the Congo 47.6/16.6
• France 12/9.1