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Colloid

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Colloid & Surface Phenomena Loition Jason Ashbery Jonathan Danner Haohao Huang Leigh Vorreuter – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Colloid


1
Colloid Surface Phenomena Loition
  • Jason Ashbery
  • Jonathan Danner
  • Haohao Huang
  • Leigh Vorreuter

2
I. Product Design Considerations
  • Customer Needs
  • Heals dry skin
  • Prevents dry skin
  • Non-greasy
  • Fast absorbing
  • Non-irritating
  • Non-scented or Scented
  • Contains sun screen
  • Prevent further aging of the skin
  • Long lasting

3
Product Design Considerations
  • Different Types of Lotion
  • For Dry Skin
  • For Extra Dry Skin
  • For Sensative Skin
  • Manufacturers
  • Bath Body Works
  • Suave
  • Keri
  • Bristol Meyer Squibb
  • Clairol

4
Product Design Considerations
  • Product Specifications
  • Shelf life
  • Duration
  • Consistency
  • Viscous properties
  • Fragrance
  • Color
  • Absorption
  • Delivery systems of alpha hydroxide, sunscreen,
    moisturizing agents

5
Components and Composition
6
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8
III. Colloids and Surface Interactions
  • Functions of colloids in Moisturizing Lotion
  • Diluent
  • Humectant
  • Smoothing aid
  • Emollient
  • Surfactant

9
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10
Liquid/ Liquid Emulsion
  • An emulsion is formed when a mixture of two
    immiscible liquids are separated by a surfactant
    molecule.
  • Oil-in-Water (O/W)
  • Water-in-Oil (W/O)

11
O/W and W/O Emulsion
12
Phase Inversion of Emulsion
  • Inversion from W/O to O/W
  • Variables which lead to phase inversion
  • Temperature Ethoxylate emulsifiers
  • Surfactant composition Hydrophilic emulsifier
    concentration
  • Water concentration Andrew Jergens Co.

13
Effect of Amphiphiles on Delivery to the Skin
  • Cationic Surfactants
  • Effect of Temperature and Salt on micelle
    stability
  • Effect of Temperature on delivery
  • Pemulen Polymeric emulsifiers
  • Triggered release mechanism upon contact with
    electrical charge of skin

14
Traditional Surfactant Emulsion
15
Pemulen Polymeric Emulsifiers
16
IV. Product Attributes
  • Shelf Life
  • Emulsion stability is what determines the
    products shelf like
  • If the emulsion becomes unstable the lotion will
    separate
  • Adjusting the hyrophilic and lipophile balance of
    the emulsifier achieves the emulsions stability
  • The emulsions are thermodynamically unstable due
    to its positive interfacial energy
  • When the emulsion tries to reach it thermodynamic
    equilibrium it causes the emulsion to break up
    back to its component phase

17
Product Attributes
  • Shelf Life
  • The delay of the component break up can be
    accomplished by adding specific mixed emulsions
    compiled of non-ionic and ionic surfactants and
    combined with fatty amphiphiles
  • Examples can be found in Table 3
  • Previously blended emulsifying wax into the the
    formulation can also help prevent the decay of
    the emulsions
  • Examples can be found in Table 4

18
Product Attributes
19
Product Attributes
  • Shelf Life
  • The gel network theory of emulsion stability is
    why both emulsifiers and mixed wax help the shelf
    life period
  • The emulsifiers stabilize the oil droplets by the
    formation of an interfacial film

20
Product Attributes
  • Consistency
  • It is related to swelling properties and
    concentration of the a-crystalline gel phase
  • When the a-crystalline form is in presence of
    very small quantities of ionic surfactants and a
    fatty aclohol and is dispersed in water the
    amount of swelling increases
  • This leads to the swelling of the a-crystalline
    gel phase
  • The water is in between the bilayers of the gel
    phase and when it swells the volume ratio of
    dispersed phase to the free continuous phase
    water increases

21
Product Attributes
  • Evaporation and Absorption
  • When lotion is rubbed into the skin water
    evaporates and the oil droplets coalesce
  • Coalescence occurs when the interfacial energy
    between substrates and adatoms is small
  • The clusters can detach themselves from any given
    location on the surface and diffuse as entities
    over the surface
  • The clusters behave more like liquid than solid
    crystallites

22
Product Attributes
  • Evaporation and Absorption
  • After the application of the lotion the
    composition changes as the water and other other
    volatiles solvents evaporate
  • A film stays on the skin as a protector and the
    nutrients are absorbed
  • Absorption capacity increases with decreasing
    viscosity

23
Product Attributes
  • Viscosity
  • Emulsion size and concentration determines the
    viscous properties
  • At the same shear stress and droplet
    concentrations the viscosity of concentrated
    emulsions containing smaller droplets was
    significantly greater
  • This suggests that electrostatic repulsion plays
    an important role in determining the rheology of
    concentrated emulsions

24
Product Attributes
  • Viscosity
  • The droplets become closely packed causing the
    emulsions to be come rigid at lower
    concentrations for smaller droplets because of
    their effective volume fraction is greater
  • This explains why low emulsifier concentrations
    are good for structured lotions
  • Lotions are not suppose to be very thick and
    viscous

25
Product Attributes
  • Fragrance
  • Fragrances are applied by collodial systems like
    emulsions
  • The lipid part of the stratum corneum is
    organized in lamellar structures
  • The lamellar liquid crystals in lotions contain
    the fragrance molecules
  • The similarity of the configuration of the
    crystals in lotion compared to the stratum
    corneum is why it easy for the fragrance to be
    absorbed into the skin
  • The location of the interlayer spacings and the
    geometrical characteristics play a big role on
    where the location of the fragrance is

26
Product Attributes
  • Improvements made to the skin
  • Liposomes have positive effects on the appearance
    of the skin
  • Improve cutaneous hydration, skin structure,
    depths of wrinkles
  • Liposomes are spherical vesicles that have an
    aqueous cavity at their center
  • They are used to carry water-soluble molecules
    and hydrophobic molecules
  • Liposomes have been evaluated as delivery systems
    for drugs, vitamins and cosmetic materials

27
Product Attributes
  • Delivery Systems
  • Particulate systems are very small particles that
    range from micrometers to millimeter
  • These particles deliver essential active
    ingredients such as amino acids, plant extracts,
    minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, and UV
    protectants
  • They also prolong the time during which the
    ingredient remains on the skin

28
V. HAOHAO
29
VI. Manufacturing Process
  • The objective is to disperse one liquid within
    another in an extremely fine form to make certain
    that separation due to settling either does not
    occur or takes place very slowly.
  • Does not normally involve any extraction or
    chemical reaction.

30
A Few Parameters that may influence liquid-liquid
emulsion formation
  • Shear rate
  • Sufficient stabilizers need to be present to
    maintain the smallest droplet size produced for
    long periods of time.
  • Blend time and standard deviation of circulation
    time.
  • These along with many other parameters make it
    difficult to specify a mixing process based on
    desired droplet size. Most predictions are based
    on existing data.

31
Pilot Scale Manufacturing Process (US Patent
6,017,548)
32
Federal Rules and Regulations
  • CGMPs Primary objective is to ensure that
    manufacturers provide consumers with safe and
    effective products.
  • Parts 210 and 211 apply to manufacturing of drugs
    and finished pharmaceuticals.
  • Part 210 contains a basic overview and some
    definitions that are used in Part 211.

33
Part 211
  • Gives a description of responsibilities of the
    quality control unit.
  • States that proper training procedures must be in
    place.
  • Buildings and Facility requirements
  • Cleaning requirements- Rooms and Equipment
  • Proper labeling and storage of materials
  • Batch Records

34
Marketing Considerations
  • Packaging aesthetics
  • Fragrance
  • Color of Lotion
  • Shelf Location
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