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Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources Chapter 2

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Title: Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources Chapter 2


1
Renewable and Nonrenewable ResourcesChapter 2
2
Theme Outline
  • Lesson 2.4
  • Solid Waste Management
  • Municipal Solid Waste
  • Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

3
PA Academic Standards for Environment Ecology
  • Standard 4.2.10.D
  • Explain different management alternatives
    involved in recycling and solid waste management.
  • Analyze the manufacturing process (before, during
    and after) with consideration for resource
    recovery.
  • Compare various methods dealing with solid waste
    (e.g., incineration, compost, land application).
  • Differentiate between pre/post-consumer and raw
    materials.
  • Illustrate how one natural resource can be
    managed through reduction, recycling, reuse or
    use.

4
Learning Objectives
  • Students will compare various methods dealing
    with solid waste, including incineration,
    composting, and the use of landfills.
  • Students will analyze several manufacturing
    processes with consideration for resource
    recovery.
  • Students will learn how aluminum and other
    resources are managed through reduction,
    recycling, refuse, or use.
  • Students will differentiate between
    pre/post-consumer and raw materials.

5
Solid Waste Management
  • Natural resources harvested from the Earth are
    typically processed.
  • This processing generates waste products that can
    either be
  • Released into the environment
  • Recovered and sold
  • Recycled within a manufacturing process
  • Taken to landfills or other waste management
    facilities for disposal.

6
Natural Resources
  • What are the two types of natural resources?

Renewable Food and Fiber Soil Wind The
Sun Water Biomass Fuels Geothermal
Energy Non-Renewable Ores Rocks as
Resources Fossil Fuels
7
Municipal Solid Waste
  • Definition waste that consists of paper, yard
    waste, food,
  • and plastics

8
How is municipal waste handled?
  • Composting
  • Combustion
  • Landfills
  • Source Reduction
  • Recycling

9
How is municipal waste handled?
  • Composting
  • Combustion
  • Landfills
  • Source Reduction
  • Recycling

10
Composting
  • Definition biological method of waste disposal
    in which worms, bacteria, fungi, and other
    organisms decompose piles of fruit and vegetable
    food scraps, wood, and lawn clippings

11
The pros
  • Removes materials from the waste stream
  • Processed product can be used for erosion control
  • Provides nutrients to the topsoil
  • Inexpensive
  • Free fertilizer

12
The cons
  • Time consuming
  • Time intensive

13
How is municipal waste handled?
  • Composting
  • Combustion
  • Landfills
  • Source Reduction
  • Recycling

14
Combustion
  • Definition process of waste disposal by which
    waste material is burned

15
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16
The pros
  • Reduces volume by 90
  • Reduces mass by 75
  • Conservation of mass still applies, thus the mass
    that is reduced is actually redistributed
  • Destroys bacteria
  • Waste to energy facility (W-T-E)

The cons
  • Air pollutions
  • Disposal of excess waste in landfills

17
How is municipal waste handled?
  • Composting
  • Combustion
  • Landfills
  • Source Reduction
  • Recycling

18
Landfills
  • Definition regulated area where wastes are
    placed in the land

19
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20
Landfill Volumes
21
How are landfills constructed?
  • Select a location
  • Pits and quarries. Why?
  • Liner installed.
  • Layer of clay deposited.
  • Why clay?
  • Ready to accept trash.

5. Trucks are weighed, waste deposited, trash
compacted by heavy machinery, trucks weighed
again. 6. Daily cover Why? 7. Trash, dirt,
trash, dirt 8. Cap or seal installed to contain
waste.
22
Leachate
  • Definition waste material (liquid) that collects
    in the bottom layers of landfills as waste
    material decomposes

23
Landfill Gas (LFG)
  • Definition waste material (gas) that collects at
    the top of landfills as waste material decomposes
    producing gases such as methane

Whats the problem with these gases?
  • Methane contributes to
  • Local smog
  • Air pollution
  • Depletion of the Ozone layer

24
So whats the solution?
  • Gases can be burned using a flare.
  • Gases can be processed, converted to fuel, and
    sold to supply energy.

25
Modern approach to LFG production?
SELL IT!!!
26
Landfills in Pennsylvania
27
Landfills in perspective
  • The number of landfills in the United States has
    decreased sharply in the past decade for various
    reasons.
  • What do you think are those reasons?

Landfills have closed because
  • Posed environmental concerns.
  • Leakage of leachate.
  • Improperly handled hazardous waste.
  • Have reached their capacity.

28
Pennsylvania and its trash
  • Pennsylvanians recycle about ¼ of their MSW.
  • Pennsylvanias deposit about 3 million tons of
    MSW in landfills yearly.
  • So what happens with all the extra landfill space?

29
One time you might not want to be 1...
Importers Tons Exporters Tons
Pennsylvania 9,764,000 New York 5,600,000
Virginia  3,891,000  New Jersey  1,800,000 
Michigan  3,124,000 Missouri  1,793,000
Illinois   1,548,000 Maryland  1,547,000
Indiana  1,531,000 Massachusetts  1,218,000
30
Ten years down the road
31
Trends in Solid Waste
32
How is municipal waste handled?
  • Composting
  • Combustion
  • Landfills
  • Source Reduction
  • Recycling

33
Source Reduction
  • Definition alteration of the design,
    manufacture, or use of materials to reduce the
    amount of toxicity of the waste generated
  • Source reduction, generally speaking, means
    reducing the amount of solid waste which enters
    the waste stream. It means that waste is
    prevented before it is created by using materials
    more efficiently, using reusable products and
    extending life of products.
  • In other words, source reduction can be
    achieved by reducing the total volume of
    disposable packaging material generated for
    domestic, commercial, industrial and
    governmental use by
  • reducing the disposal impact of packaging waste
    by changing to more
  • environmentally benign packaging material
  • increasing the recyclablility of packaging
    products that cannot be reduced
  • increasing the recycled material content of
    packaging products.

34
Source reduction example
http//www.cleaning101.com/environment/source_redu
ction.cfm
35
Recycling
  • Definition series of activities that reuse a
    products raw materials to manufacture new
    products

36
  • These symbols are used to mark recyclable
    materials as recyclables.
  • The different symbols represent the materials
    from which the current product was made.
  • Example HDPE stands for high-density
    polyethylene.

37
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38
Aluminum Recycling facts
  • Some 119,482 cans are recycled every minute
    nationwide.
  • Used aluminum cans are recycled and returned to
    store shelves as new cans in as few as 60 days.
  • Recycling saves 95 percent of the energy required
    to make aluminum cans from virgin ore. In 1995,
    aluminum companies saved the equivalent of over
    20.6 million barrels of oil -- or 12.3 billion
    kilowatt hours by recycling. This represents
    enough energy to supply the electrical needs of a
    city the size of Pittsburgh for about six years.

39
Incomplete Cycle
  • Definition process by which materials (wastes)
    do not complete a full cycle in the waste
    recovery system and are disposed

40
Closed-Loop Cycle
  • Definition process by which materials (wastes)
    complete a full cycle in the waste recovery
    system and are partially reused and recycled

41
What happens to recyclables?
  • Recyclables have a series of different paths they
    can take, once entering the recycling stream.

MatsPlayground PadsFuel Sources
Rubber
PackagingLawn furnitureVideotape
cassettesInsulation
Plastics
Metals
Metals
Melted, Sorted Recast
Paper
Paper
Reduced to pulpReprocessed
42
  • What are some interesting statistics about
    recycling?
  • Hotels will create 1.5 pounds of solid waste per
    day per room
  • Each person produces 3.5 pounds of solid waste
    per day
  • There are 6 two liter bottles in one pound of PET
  • One three foot stack of newspapers is equal to
    one tree, approximately 30 feet tall
  • One three foot stack of newspaper weighs 100
    pounds
  • To make one ton of virgin paper uses 17 trees (3
    2/3 acres of forest)
  • 62,860 trees must be cut to provide pulp for a
    single edition of the Sunday New York
  • Times.
  • Recycling one aluminum can saves the energy
    equivalent to one cup of gasoline.
  • A steel mill can reduce its water pollution 76
    and mining wastes 97 using scrap
  • metal, such as steel cans, instead of iron
    ore.
  • In the summer, nearly one third of all summer
    waste handled by garbage haulers
  • consists of grass clippings.
  • In the fall, leaves comprise as much as half of
    all waste generated by residents.
  • One dollar out of every 11 spent on groceries
    goes to pay for packaging
  • 32 of all municipal waste is from packaging.
  • Americans are the worlds trashiest people. US
    citizens consume more goods per capita
  • than any other nation in the world. Each year
    we throw away
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