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BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION

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Title: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION


1
CHAPTER 5
  • BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION

2
  • BIODIVERSITY
  • MAIN IDEA Biodiversity maintains a healthy
    biosphere and provides direct and indirect value
    to humans.
  • WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY?
  • Biodiversity is the variety of life in an area
    that is determined by the number of different
    species in that area.
  • Biodiversity increases the stability of an
    ecosystem and contributes to the health of the
    biosphere.
  • There are 3 types of biodiversity
  • Genetic diversity
  • Species diversity
  • Ecosystem diversity
  • Extinction is when the last member of the species
    dies.

3
  • GENETIC DIVERSITY
  • Genetic diversity is the variety of genes or
    inheritable characteristics that are present in a
    population.
  • Genetic diversity within interbreeding
    populations increases the chances that some
    individuals will survive during changing
    environmental conditions or during an outbreak of
    disease.

4
  • QUESTION In the picture below, what are some of
    the different heritable characteristics that you
    see and how could some of those differences be
    helpful?

5
  • SPECIES DIVERSITY
  • Species diversity is the number of different
    species and the relative abundance of each
    species in the a biological community.
  • Species diversity is not evenly distributed over
    the biosphere.
  • Species diversity increases as you move further
    away from the poles closer to the equator.

6
  • QUESTION In the picture below how many
    different species are present?

7
  • ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY
  • Ecosystem diversity is the variety of ecosystems
    that are present in the biosphere.
  • Ecosystems are made up of interacting populations
    and the abiotic factors that support them.

8
  • THE IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
  • DIRECT ECONOMIC VALUE
  • Direct economic value for maintaining
    biodiversity include
  • Food
  • Need diverse genetic pools to help keep the food
    source safe from the effects of devastating
    diseases or insects.
  • Done through genetic engineering when scientists
    transfer genes from one organism to another
  • Clothing
  • Energy
  • Medicine
  • Mostly produced from plants or other organisms.
  • EX Madagascar periwinkle flower yields an
    extract to treat some forms of leukemia
    increasing survival rate from 20 to more than
    95.
  • Shelter

9
  • INDIRECT ECONOMIC VALUE
  • Healthy biosphere provides many services to
    humans and other organisms.
  • Plants provide oxygen remove carbon dioxide
  • Safe water for drinking
  • Cycling nutrients
  • Provide protection against floods and droughts
  • Preserve fertile soils
  • Detoxify and decompose wastes and regulate local
    climates

10
  • SECTION 2 THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
  • MAIN IDEA Some human activities reduce
    biodiversity in ecosystems, and current evidence
    suggests that reduced biodiversity might have
    serious long term effects on the biosphere.
  • QUESTION What happens when a new building
    project starts in an area that was previously
    undeveloped?

11
  • EXTINCTION RATES
  • Background extinction is the gradual process of
    species becoming extinct.
  • Occurs when stable ecosystems are changed by
    other organisms, climate changes, or natural
    disasters
  • Predicted that 1/3 to 2/3 of all plant animal
    species, mostly near the equator, will become
    extinct during 2nd half of this century.
  • Mass extinction is events where a large
    percentage of all living species become extinct
    in a relatively short period of time.
  • Last one was 65 million years ago for dinosaurs
  • Large percentage of extinctions take place on
    islands
  • Small populations
  • Affected by newly introduced predators, cant
    escape island, nonnative species, and disease

12
  • FACTORS THAT THREATEN BIODIVERSITY
  • Natural resources are all materials and organisms
    found in the biosphere, including minerals,
    fossil fuels, nuclear fuels, plants, animals,
    soil, clean water, clear air, and solar energy.

13
  • OVEREXPLOITATION
  • Overexploitation is the over use of species that
    have economic value, which increases their
    current rate of extinction
  • EX N. American bison
  • Previously overexploitation was the primary cause
    of species extinction, NOW it is the destruction
    of habitat.

14
  • HABITAT LOSS
  • Habitat loss is the result of
  • Destruction of habitat
  • Tropical rain forest contains more than half of
    all species on Earth
  • Clearing the tropical rain forest for
    agricultural crops or grazing land reduces
    habitat species
  • Disruption of habitat
  • Fig. 11, Pg. 125 shows how the of harbor seals
    sea lions declined, setting off the chain
    reaction of what the whales ate (now more sea
    otters), which normally ate the sea urchins, now
    their population is up the kelp is way down.

15
  • FRAGMENTATION OF HABITAT
  • Habitat fragmentation is the separation of an
    ecosystem into small pieces of land
  • Populations will stay in the small parcels
    because they are either unable or unwilling to
    cross the human-made barriers.
  • Problems
  • Smaller the land means fewer species that are
    supported
  • Reduces opportunities for individuals in one area
    to reproduce with individuals from another area
  • Genetic diversity decreases over time causing
    populations to become less resistant to disease,
    or able to respond to changing environmental
    conditions.
  • Creates edge effects, which is when boundaries of
    the ecosystem have different abiotic factors like
    temperature, wind humidity than the rest of
    ecosystem.

16
  • POLLUTION
  • Pollution changes the composition of air, soil
    and water.
  • Pesticides
  • DDT enters food chain remains in tissues of
    organisms
  • Industrial chemical
  • PCB enters food chain remains in tissues of
    organisms
  • Biological magnification is the increasing
    concentration of toxic substances in organisms as
    trophic levels increase in a food chain or web.
  • Higher level carnivores are most affected
  • EX Bald eagle caused the thinning of the egg
    shells so no new eagles were being born

17
  • POLLUTION CONTINUED
  • Acid precipitation is created when fossil fuels
    are burned releasing sulfur dioxide and nitrogen
    oxides into the atmosphere.
  • Reaction with water other substances in the air
    create sulfuric acid nitric acid
  • Will remove calcium, potassium and other
    nutrients from soil
  • Will damage plant tissues slows their growth or
    kills
  • Eutrophication occurs when fertilizers, animal
    waste, sewage, or other substances rich in
    nitrogen and phosphorus flow into water, crease
    extensive algae growth
  • Algae will use up the oxygen supply causing other
    organisms to suffocate

18
  • INTRODUCED SPECIES
  • Introduced species are nonnative species that are
    either intentionally or unintentionally
    transported to a new habitat.
  • Reproduce rapidly because there are no predators,
    parasites and competition to keep them controlled
    in the new environment.
  • Now considered an invasive species
  • EX Fire ants
  • Invasive species believe to be responsible for
    40 of the extinctions since 1750

19
  • SECTION 3 CONSERVING BIODIVERSITY
  • MAIN IDEA People are using many approaches to
    slow the rate of extinctions and to preserve
    biodiversity.
  • NATURAL RESOURCES
  • Natural resources are used to meet our basic
    needs
  • Industrialized countries use more natural
    resources per person than developing countries
  • 2 types of natural resources
  • Renewable
  • Nonrenewable

20
  • RENEWABLE RESOURCES
  • Renewable resources are any resources that is
    replaced by natural processes faster than they
    are consumed
  • EX solar energy, agriculture, plants, animals,
    clean water and air
  • These resources are NOT unlimited.
  • Any resource can be depleted. If depleted,
    natural resource would change from renewable to
    nonrenewable.
  • EX Removing a few trees renewable resource
  • Removing a whole forest nonrenewable
  • resource

21
  • NONRENEWABLE RESOURCE
  • Nonrenewable resources are found on Earth in
    limited amounts or that are replaced by natural
    processes over extremely long period of time.
  • EX fossil fuels and minerals deposits
  • Species are considered nonrenewable when
    extinction occurs because now it is lost forever
  • SUSTAINABLE USE
  • Sustainable use happens when we use the resources
    at a rate where they can be replaced or recycled
    them while preserving the long-term environmental
    health of the biosphere.
  • Conservation of resources happens when we reduce
    the amount of resources that are consumed,
    recycled resources (aluminum cans) occurs, and we
    preserve and use ecosystems in a responsible
    manner.

22
  • PROTECTING BIODIVERSITY
  • US helps protect biodiversity by establishing
    national parks nature reserves
  • EX 1st national park Yellowstone in 1872
  • Currently 7 of the worlds land is set aside as
    a natural reserve, some of them megareserves
  • To be classified as a biodiversity hot spot the
    region must have lost at least 70 of the
    original habitat and there must be at least 1500
    species of plants that are endemic (species found
    only in specific geographic areas with critical
    levels of habitat loss)
  • Hot spots shown on pg. 132
  • To improve the survival of biodiversity
    conservationists are developing corridors or
    passageways to connect small parcels of land
    allowing the organisms to move from one area to
    another safely.

23
  • RESTORING ECOSYSTEMS
  • Biodiversity is destroyed in an area when it no
    longer provides the abiotic and biotic factors
    needed for a healthy ecosystem.
  • EX clearing tropical rain forest for farming
    then is unproductive after a few years.
  • Recovery from human or natural disasters can
    happen, but depends on size of the area affected
    and the type of disturbance.
  • Larger the area longer time
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