Early Exploration

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Early Exploration
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Early European Exploration

• ? European explorers left their countries in
  desire of three things
• Gold
• Glory
• God
• Spice Trade - (Pepper, Cinnamon, Nutmeg) very
  popular
• - Also used to preserve meat, and for perfumes
  and medicines

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Technology of Exploration

• Old School Navigation -
• 1. Stay close to the coast
• 2. Used stars and sun to determine direction
• 3. Keep track of speed, direction, and time
• 4. Maps were inaccurate

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Technology of Exploration

• New School (1300A.D.) Navigation-
• 1. Compass helped with direction and the Chinese
  developed the astrolabe-tiny computer that
  calculated time and position of things in the sky
• 2. Cartographers improved maps
• 3. Grid coordinates (longitude/latitude)
• 4. Innovations in sails, construction of ships

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Prince Henry the Navigator
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Portugal Leads the Way

• ? Wanted to find a sea route to Asia for spices
  by going around Africa
• ? Prince Henry the Navigator Brought together
  map makers, mathematicians, and astronomers to
  study navigation
• ? Bartholomeu Diaz - Discovered the southern tip
  of Africa in 1488 Good Hope
• ? Vasco da Gama - First to sail from Portugal -
  around Africa - to India for trade

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Spain Not Far Behind

• ? Christopher Columbus - With help of King
  Ferdinand and Queen Isabella - made 4 trips to
  The New World - which he claimed was India
  said wealth was the N.A.
• Line of Demarcation - Imaginary line drawn by the
  Pope in 1493 to divide the worlds land between
  Spain and Portugal
• -The Treaty of Todesillas moved it farther west
  because of the new lands

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Spain Not Far Behind

• ? Ferdinand Magellan - Set sail with five ships
  looking for a western route to Asia-1519 Mutiny
  in Argentina
• Sailed around southern tip of South America -
  Straight of Magellan
• Renamed new ocean Pacific Ocean very calm
• Sailed four months before reaching land- many
  died of starvation
• Discovered the Philippines - Magellan was killed
  by natives
• Remaining crew sailed back to Spain - only 18 of
  the 260 men survived the voyage

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Importance of Magellans Voyage

• 1. Completed the first circumnavigation -
  circling of the globe
• 2. Proved the world was round
• 3. The oceans of the world were connected
• 4. That the land Columbus discovered was not
  Asia, but a new mysterious land

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Portugal the Spice Trade

• ? Portugal didnt waste time after Vasco da
  Gamas voyage!
• ? Pedro Cabral - took control of the Indian Ocean
  and set up trade ports in the Spice Islands,
  Persian Gulf, China, Japan and Brazil

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Spains Conquers

• ? Spanish Conquistadors came to America to help
  native people and get rich
• ? Hernan Cortes landed in Mexico in 1519 -
  conquered Montezuma II and the Aztecs
• - Aztecs thought Cortes was Quetzalcoatl - a king
  God
• ? Francisco Pizarro - landed in Peru in 1532 -
  Conquered Atahualpa and the Incas
• - Ransom paid for leader but killed anyway

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Spains Land

• ? Spains two goals for its American Empire
• 1) Acquire Wealth
• 2) Convert Natives to Christianity
• ? Encomienda system - Spanish monarchs gave
  landowners permission to enslave natives to work
  sugar plantations
• When the population of Indians went down, Spanish
  brought over African slaves

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Netherlands Land

• ? Henry Hudson - claimed land for the Dutch in
  what is now Northern Canada and set up a fur
  trade called the Hudson Bay Company
• - developed colonies around what is now
  Manhattan, New York

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Expeditions of Jacques Cartier (4min)
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French Land

• ? Jacques Cartier discovered the St. Lawrence
  River - claimed much of Eastern Canada
• ?Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec, the first
  French settlement in the Americas

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English Land

• ? John Cabot explored Newfoundland and the east
  coast of America
• Jamestown (1607) - First English settlement in
  the Americas (present day Virginia)
• Protestant Pilgrims and the Mayflower Compact in
  Massachusetts

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Slave Trade

• ? Triangular Trade - three way trade route
  between Europe, Africa and America
• -European goods to Africa - slaves to Americas -
  sugar, tobacco and cotton to England
• ? 10 - 24 million enslaved Africans came to the
  Americas - 1 in 5 survived the trip!

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The Middle Passage and Issues of Security and
Mortality Aboard Slave Ships(5 Min)
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Increase in Money Change in European Lifestyle

• ? Gold and silver flowed into Europe led to
  inflation - dramatic rise in prices
• ? Mercantilism - a new theory that stated a
  nations wealth negates that nations power
• ? Wealthy entrepreneurs made products out of raw
  materials and shipped them off for trade - set up
  monopolies to completely control certain
  industries
• ? While the rich enjoyed coffee houses, the poor
  worked like animals and survived off of water and
  bread alone Jean de La Bruyere

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Europes Commercial Trade Revolution

• ? Population expanded and people started to live
  longer due to wealth
• ? More people more demand for goods

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Europes Commercial Trade Revolution

• ? The Food Exchange
• America received
• - wheat, grapes, and livestock
• Europeans received (From America) - corn,
  potatoes, tomatoes, and beans
• Europeans received (From Asia Africa) -
  bananas, coffee, tea, sugarcane, chocolate
• This transfer of goods was known as the
  Columbian Exchange

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Questions?!?