Title: The Early Medieval Period
1The Early Medieval Period
2Christian Meeting Places
- In the New Testament, the meeting place was
primarily domesticin homes. - The Jerusalem church met in the temple for
teaching and prayer, and also met in their homes
for breaking bread. - The shift from domestic meeting place to a
dedicated meeting facility had a significant
impact on the nature of Christianity.
3Dura Europos Church Plan
4Dura Europos Church Plan
5Dura Europas Baptistry
6The Roman Basilica
- Romans emphasized law and order.
- Their law courts were not only places for legal
proceedings but were centers of civic and public
activities. They functioned sometimes as town
meeting halls under the guidance of the
government. - The basilica form was adopted by Christians as
the best architecture suited for church buildings
(rather than temples).
7The Roman Basilica
Basilicas took their form from a ship. The
center portion was the nave (from Latin word for
ship), flanked by side aisles, and a curved end
known as an apse.
8The largest and most impressive Roman basilica
was built by Maxentius and finished by
Constantine in the early 4th century. The apse
contained a colossal statue of Constantine. It
stood until largely destroyed by an earthquake in
the 17th century.
9Two views showing how the Basilica of Maxentius
and Constantine would have appeared originally
10Christian Basilica (Constantines Basilica at
Trier)
11Basilica as Church Building
- A basilica was a Roman town hall derived from a
Greek word which means belonging to the king. - The apse was the authority seat in the hall where
the council or chairperson would sit. - The bishops chair was called a throne (cathedra)
because the Greek word also referred to a
teachers seat and not only to royalty.
12Drawing of St. Peters Basilica
13Interior of St. Peters Basilica
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18Buildings and the Arts
- Just as Roman public buildings were decorated
with art, so church buildings were decorated with
frescos and mosaics. - The earliest known Christian mosaic was found
beneath St. Peters Basilica in the 1940sJesus
is pictured in a gold mosaic as the sun-god,
Helios. - Frescos were more common as mosaics were
expensive. Most of these are lost to us due to
the Germanic settling of the West but frescos
were revived in the Renaissance period.
19Earliest Christian Mosaic, ca. 300
- Earliest known Christian mosaic was found beneath
St. Peters Basilica in the 1940sJesus is
pictured in a gold mosaic as the sun-god, Helios.
20Byzantine Architecture
- Where Eastern Turkey, Northern Italy, Slavic
countries and Russia. - When 330-1453
- Major Building Form Churches
- Plan Cross-in-Square capped with Dome
21Byzantine Architecture
- Support Pendentives and Piers
- Hallmark Dome
- Décor Lavish inside, plain outside (though
development meant more ornamentation on the
outside) mosaics and icons dominate.
22Byzantine Architecture
- Effect Mysterious, transcendence, the presence
of God - Inspiration Gods own throne room.
- Goal to arouse emotion, transport into the
presence of God, evoke worship
23Byzantine ArchitectureHagia Sophia
- Built by Justinian in 532-37 to project the power
of his church and empire. - Dome 107 diameter and 180 height.
- Hired two geometricians (Anthemios and Isidorus)
to design it. - The arches open up into apses, and domes into
semi-domes to create a funneling effect of space. - Dome rests of 70 piers hidden by colonnades and
rounded arches - In contrast to classical architecture, it is all
curves that intersect, as if in motion.
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25Justinian Built Hagia Sophia, 533-537 Most
beautiful church in the world
26Hagia Sophia
27Left Interior of Hagia Sophia Above Icon of
Mary Child in Hagia Sophia with Justinian I and
Constantine I presenting Hagia Sophia to them.
28Massive Church
- In 612 the records list a total of 600 persons
assigned to serve in Hagia Sophia 80 priests,
150 deacons, 40 deaconesses, 60 subdeacons, 160
readers, 25 chanters, 75 doorkeepers. - Impresses everyone
- Russian Non-Christians
- Western Christians
- Turkish Muslims
29Basilica St. Vitale in Ravenna
30Byzantine ArchitectureBasilica of San Marco,
Venice
- Though overlaid with Gothic features, the
interior preserves the domed, Greek-cross plan
built to house the body of St. Mark (stolen by a
Venice Merchant from Egypt). - Begun in 830, final completions in 1094
- 45,000 square feet of mosaics and filled with
decorations (including four gilded-bronze horses
stolen from Constantinople in 1204)
31San Marco Floor Plan
32San Marco, Venice
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34Byzantine Art
- Byzantine churches are rarely decorated with
statues and, in the beginning, not very ornate on
the outside. - However, on the inside they are filled with
frescos, mosaics and icons. - Art creates the atmosphere of heavenly
surroundings while architecture creates a sense
of three levels heaven, paradise and earth.
35Mosaic in St. Vitale in Ravenna, which Justinian
built
36Theodora and her court, in St. Vitale in Ravenna
37The Cult of the Martyrs
- Tombs of martyrs became sacred places with annual
memorials and feasts. - The relics of martyrs were thought to have
spiritual power, especially against demons and
for physical healings. - Two Classes
- Martyrs
- Confessors
38The Cult of the Saints
- Since dead saints, especially martyrs, were now
in the presence of Christ, they could intercede
for others. - San Sebastian Catacomb in Rome, ca. 260 Peter
and Paul, pray for me in eternity. - Saints were not, however, worshipped, though they
were venerated or honored. - Saint market days and holidays grew locally at
first with the consecration of local bishops but
about 1200 only the Pope in the West could decide
who was regarded as a saint.
39Origins of Monasticism
- Several conditions contributed to the rise of
Monasticism - With peace between the Empire and the church,
there were no more martyrs. In an era of
persecution, ones Christianity separated them
from the world. - With the influx of pagans into the church, the
church appeared to become more worldly. Monks
sought a higher form of spirituality. - The search for spiritual communion with God led
many into new forms of spirituality that was a
new form of martyrdom (sacrifice) and
anti-worldliness.
40Monasticism
- Beginnings in Egypt Saint Anthony
- Egyptian Hermits (The Desert Fathers the
solitary way) - Communal Beginnings Pachomius
- From Hermits to Monks (cenobitic life)
- Eastern Empire St. Basil (Asia Minor)
- Basil visited Pachomius monastery in 357-358.
- Prayer, Good Works, Meditation, Solitary Life
(living as skete or lavra (groups of monastic
cottages of 2 to 6 under the personal direction
of an elder or geron). - Guarding the WallsPalladios of Helenspolis
(360-430). - Western Empire St. Benedict (Italy)
- Added Labor (agriculture, copying books, serving
churches)
41Mt. Athos Three Eastern Monastic Forms
- Solitary
- Cenobitic
- Skete or Lavra (alley)living in individual
cells but sharing a common small group or church
with a spiritual guide. Also known as
idiorrhythmic
By 550, Constantinople had 76 monasteries and
ther were over 100,000 monks within the Eastern
Empire.
42Eastern Monasticism
- The pride of Christs Church consists in the
life of the solitaries. - St. Issac the Syrian (died around 700).
- Unless someone says in his heart, In the world
there is only myself and God, he will find no
peace. - The Sayings of the Desert Fathers
- Love the ease of solitude more than providing
for the starving in the world and converting a
multitude of heathen from error to the worship of
GodBetter is he that edified his own soul than
he that edifies the whole world. - St. Issac the Syrian.
43Life According to the GospelSt. Basil
- Monks are not exceptions or abberations of the
gospel life, but are examples to the whole
Churcha life withdrawn from the sinfulness of
the world and in obedience to Scripture. - Monasticism, however, is regarded as a second
baptisma renewal of baptismal vows. - Monasticism is a sacrament of love where people
devote themselves to loving God and loving their
neighbor without reserve. - Monasticism is the life of continual repentancea
life of constantly renewed conversion. - St. Anthony This is our chief task always to
be mindful of our sinfulness in Gods sight. - Abba Dioscorus (died 400) constantly weeps over
sin in his cell.
44Eastern Orientation
- Eschatological herald the coming of the new age
by their radical detachment (renunciation) from
the world. - Marriage is a cataphatic (affirmative) way of
affirming the sacrament of love, but monasticism
is a apophatic (negative) expression. - Marriage Grant, Lord, that in loving each
other we may love you. - Monks express their love for God without the
mediation of another human beingthey love
directly and wholly. - Monks thereby anticipate the eschatological
realityto live in the presence of God without
marriage. - Thus, in later Byzantium only monks could become
bishops as those dedicated to the higher form
of life which is the goal of all Christians. - Monks become salt and light, examples of the
kingdom of God.
45Eastern Priorities
- First Priority The Living Flame of Prayer as
Loving God. - St. Seraphim of Sarov (d. 1833) Acquire inner
peace, and thousands around you will find their
salvation. - The goal is to intercede for themselves, for
others and seek union with God. - Secondary Priorities Loving Neighbor
- Scholarly and educational work
- Evangelism and missionary work
- Social and philanthropic work
- Spiritual guidance and mentoring work
46 The image below left (from the Monastery of
Dionysiou on Mt. Athos) shows monks ascending the
Ladder to God (and some of them, unfortunately,
falling off) the image on the right (from the
Monastery of Esphigmenou on Mt. Athos) shows the
"Life of the True Monk" -- with demons tormenting
him, although he remains unmoved, with his whole
body in the form of the Crucified Christ).
47Irish (Celtic) Monasticism
- Irish monasticism predates Benedicts
westernization of monasticism. - The first monks lived as hermits in beehive
cells where the cold was their penance instead of
the heat (Ireland instead of Egypt). - Irish monasticism has a tradition of spirituality
similar to Eastern monasticism.
48St. Benedict Established Monastery of Monte
Cassino, 529
Benedictine Monasticism became model for all new
orders in Middle Ages Goal Purity, Model of
Apostolic Church, Service Vows of Poverty,
Chastity, Obedience Summary pray and work
49Monastery of Monte Cassino
Restored after original monastery destroyed in
Allied attack during World War II
50The Benedictine Rule
- Growing up near Rome, he experienced the chaotic
life of an era embroiled in constant war. - In 529, Benedict (480-550) founded a monastery at
Monte Cassino for which he wrote his Rule. - The Benedictine Rule emphasized poverty, chastity
and solitude, but it also emphasized the
importance of work (agriculture), learning and
communal meals. - The Benedictine monastic tradition is the
foundation of Western monastic life. - Monasteries became islands of learning faith and
order in Western Europe which was filled with
disorder, war and insecurity.
51Western Monasticism
- It was primarily, if not exclusively, cenobitic
(communal). - It found its priorities in service, education,
and mission alongside of worship and prayer. - Benedicts rule regulates the community, provides
a spiritual leader (abbot), and emphasizes the
above priorities. - It was written for autonomous communities and not
intended as a special monastic order.
52Western Monastic Orders
- Monastery of Cluny spreads its communal form
through the establishment of more than 1000
monasteries from 900 to 1100. - Carthusian Order began in 1084 as a place for the
solitary life in the western world. - In 1098 Cistercian order began to emphasize the
role of manual labor in a communal life (white
friars). - In 1210 the Franciscan order begins which
stresses the vow of poverty and working among the
poor (grey friars) - In 1215 the Dominican order begins which stresses
the role of education and theological orthodoxy
(black friars).
53ISLAM
Muhammad (570-632)
Life of the prophet
Muhammad
54Muhammad (570-632)
- Born in Mecca, at the age of 40 began to receive
a series of revelations. He begins to affirm
monotheism as he is taught through visions from
the angel Gabriel. - These recitations (quran) given through the
angel Gabriel became the Koran. - Muhammad was the last prophet of the God of
Abraham and the Koran was the perfect expression
of divine will for all humanity.
55Muhammads Career
- 610-622, he lived in Mecca preaching his
monotheistic faith. He was a shepherd but married
into the family of his employer and became a
teacher of ethics. - 622 (year 1 for Muslims), he fled to Yathrib
(Medina, the city). Muhammad became the leader
of the city where a theocratic style of
government was implemented. - 624-628, Mecca and Medina fought three major
battles. - 629, Muhammad makes a pilgrimage to Mecca.
- 630, Muhammad becomes theocratic ruler of Mecca
and by his death in 632 of the whole Arab
peninsula. - Muhammad united Arabs politically and religiously
56ISLAM
Koran
114 chapters (saris) Memorized Adored Not
translated Never changed
57Islams Missionary Zeal
- By 632, Islam was the faith of the Arabian
peninsula with Mecca as its political and
cultural center. - By 661, Islam had spread to Libya, Egypt,
Palestine and Mesopotamia with Damascus as its
political and cultural center under the Umayyad
Dynasty. - By 732, Islam covered North Africa, Spain,
southern France, parts of Asia Minor, at times
parts of Sicily and southern Italy and the Indus
Valley with Baghdad as its political and cultural
center under the Abbasid Dynasty
58Stopping the Spread of Islam
- Leo III of the Byzantine Empire drove back a
Muslim army from a siege of Constantinople in
717-18. - Charles Martel, King of the Franks, defeated a
Muslim army in 732 at Tours, France and forced it
back across the Pyrennes into Spain. - Gibraltar is the rock of Tariq (Gib-al-Tariq).
The Muslim Tariq invaded Spain in 711.
59Expansion of Islam 634-750
60Later Developments
- Seljuk Turks from Central Asia, after converting
to Islam, conquered the Arabic dynasties by 1050. - Mongols from Asia conquered Baghdad in 1258.
This led to the existence of small Islamic states
rather than one Empire. - Ultimately, all the Arabic states fell to the
Ottoman Turks in 1517. The Ottoman Empire
existed till 1918.
61The Basic Impulse of Islam
- Monotheistic faith
- Submission to the will of God
- Islam means submission
- Muslim means those who submit
- Jesus, like the OT kings and prophets, were true
prophets, but Judaism and Christian corrupted the
true religion. - The Quran (from the Arabic root which means to
read) calls for toleration of the people of the
book (Jews and Christians) though polytheists
and pagans are called infidels. The Hadith are a
collection of traditions based on Islamic
teaching.
62Five Pillars of Islamic Piety
- Confession There is one God and Muhammed is his
prophet. - Pray five times a day toward Meccacommunal
prayer on Friday - Fast during the month of Ramadan
- Give alms to the poorrequired 2.5 giving.
- Make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once for
those who are able.
63Basic Beliefs
- Paradise is their view of the afterlife.
- Acceptance of Old Testament ethics.
- Strict administration of justice.
- The presence of angels and jinn (spirit beings
who can possess human beings for good or evil). - Fatalistic or deterministic understanding of
Allah. - Strong ethic no alcoholic drinks.
- Seclusion of womenprotection against sexual
aggressors/predators. - God intends one community among all people.
- Holy War (Jihad)
64Three Islamic Divisions
- Sunni Muslims mainstream faith and majority
(90 of Muslims). - Shiite Muslims believe that only a blood
relative of Muhammed can lead the Muslim faith.
Shiite means partisan of Ali who was the
son-in-law and cousin of Muhammad. They look to
the Imam. - Sufi Muslims believe in the continuation of
revelations through mystical encounters and
practiced a relatively ascetic lifestyle
65Origins of the Icnonclastic Controversy
- The beginnings of Christian art are found in the
catacombs and in early church buildingsmore
often the portrayal of biblical stories rather
than iconography. - Icons as images of Christ for liturgical purposes
began to appear in the fourth century in the
Constantinian age. - By the seventh century, the use of icons is a
well-established tradition in the church.
66Seventh Century UnderstandingLeonitus of Neapolis
- I sketch and paint Christ and the sufferings of
Christ in churches, in homes, in public squares,
on icons, on linen cloth, on clothes, and in
every place I paint so that men may see them
plainly, may remember them and not forget
themAnd as you, when you make your reverence to
the Book of the Law, bow down not to the
substance of skins and ink, but to the sayings of
God that are found in therein, so I do reverence
the image of Christ. Not to the substance of wood
and paintthat shall never happen!...But by doing
reverence to an inanimate image of ChristI think
to embrace Christ Himself and to do Him
reverence.We Christians by bodily kissing an
icon of Christ, or of an apostle or martyr, are
in spirit kissing Christ Himself or His martyr.
67Recognition of Abuse
- St. Anastasius of Sinai Many think that he
sufficiently revers his baptism who, entering the
church, kisses all the icons without paying
attention to the Liturgy and the divine service. - Orthodox theologians have always rejected such
abuses and have tried to give a theological
grounding to the use of icons.
68Icon Controversy (726-843)
- Several bishops on the Eastern borders of the
empire began to oppose icons and Germanos the
Patriarch of Constantinople defended them. - Emperor Leo III decided against icons and ordered
their destruction in 730. - Perhaps he thought spiritual realities should not
be depicted in material form. - Perhaps he was reacting to the Muslim charges of
idolatry. - Leo felt he should defend the faith The Lord,
having entrusted the realm to the emperors, has
likewise commanded them to tend Christs faithful
flock, after the example of Peter. - Immediately divided the Empire.
- Iconoclasts (icon-smashers)
- Iconodules (icon-venerators)
69John of Damascus
- Born in Damascus, he served as a chief advisor to
the Muslim Caliph for many years. - In 725 he retired to a monks life and began
writing and died in 749. - His most famous book is The Orthodox Faith, which
is part 3 of his massive work The Fountain of
Knowledge (Wisdom). - He also composed hymns, wrote works on ethics and
epitomized Orthodox theology. Still standard
Orthodox theology.
70Imperial Iconoclasm
- Constantine, Leons son, inaugurated a systematic
persecution of iconodules. - In 753 he summoned a council at Constantinople
after he had purged the episcopate of many
iconodules. The council condemned icons and
their veneration - From 762-775, he exiled and executed monks who
resisted his policy. - The persecution did not end till after his death
and elevation of his son Leo IV. When he died in
780, the Empress Irene restored iconodules to
episcopacies and installed Patriach Tarasius who
supported icons. - Destroyed icons had been replaced by secular
art depicting hunting scenes, decorative designs
and the like.
71John of Damascus on Icons
- When He Who is without a body and without form,
Who has neither quanity nor magnitude, Who is
incomparable with respect to the superiority of
His nature, Who exists in Divine formaccepts a
bond-servants appearance and arrays Himself in
bodily form, then do you trace Him upon wood, and
rest your hopes in contemplating Him, Who has
permitted Himself to be seenI do not bow down to
matter but to the Creator of matter, Who for my
sake took on substance and Who through matter
accomplished my salvation, and I shall not cease
to honor matter, through which my salvation was
accomplished. - Thus, matter has been sanctified and has become a
means of grace.
72Theology of Icons
- According to John of Damascus, just as the wine,
bread and water of the sacraments (mysteries)
makes Christ present to his people, the portrayal
of Christ in an icon may also be filled with the
grace and power of Christs presence. - It is no longer a mere image of Christ, but a the
means by which we encounter the spiritual reality
of Christ. - This is primarily rooted in the affirmation of
the reality of the incarnationjust as Christ
sanctified flesh, so he sanctified materiality.
Materiality, including images, can convey the
spiritual presence of divine grace.
73Controversy Settled
- Though often politically volatile and sometimes
violent, the theology was settled at the 2nd
Council of Nicea (787), the 7th ecumenical
council. - Images of God in his essence are forbidden.
- Images of God in the flesh (incarnate) or God in
his theophanies, Mary and his saints are
permitted. - Images represent Gods involvement in the
material world and through those images people
approach God without worshipping the image. - Images can mediate divine presence and mystical
encounter they are not mere aides for the
faithful.
747th Ecumenical Council
- We, therefore, following the royal pathway and
the divinely inspired authority of our Holy
Fathers and the traditions of the Catholic Church
(for, as we all know, the Holy Spirit indwells
her), define with all certitude and accuracy that
just as the figure of the precious and
life-giving Cross, so also the venerable and holy
images, as well in painting and mosaic as of
other fit materials, should be set forth in the
holy churches of God, and on the sacred vessels
and on the vestments and on hangings and in
pictures both in houses and by the wayside, to
wit, the figure of our Lord God and Savior Jesus
Christ, of our spotless Lady, the Mother of God,
of the honorable Angels, of all Saints and of all
pious people.
757th Ecumenical Council
- For by so much more frequently as they are seen
in artistic representation, by so much more
readily are men lifted up to the memory of their
prototypes, and to a longing after them and to
these should be given due salutation and
honorable reverence, not indeed that true worship
of faith which pertains alone to the divine
nature but to these, as to the figure of the
precious and life-giving Cross and to the Book of
the Gospels and to the other holy objects,
incense and lights may be offered according to
ancient pious custom. For the honor which is paid
to the image passes on to that which the image
represents, and he who reveres the image reveres
in it the subject represented.
76Revival of Iconoclasm
- Upon the death of Irene in 802, the empires
misfortunes were blamed upon icon-veneration. - In 815, Emperor Leo V decreed that icons should
be raised above human height so that no one could
kiss them. Monks led a protest procession
carrying icons. The Emperor responded with
violence. - The persecution continued under Michael II
(820-29) and Theophilus (829-842).
77Triumph of Icon-Veneration
- Empress Theodora, wife of Theophilus, halted the
persecution after the death of her husband in
842. - In March, 843, Methodius, one of the persecuted,
became Patriarch. - On the first Sunday of Lent icons were reinstated
in Hagia Sophia. Each year the church celebrates
this victory as the Triumph of Orthodoxy.
78- Icon of the Holy Trinity by St. Andrei Rublev,
Russian Orthodox (1411) for the Holy Trinity
Monastery founded by St. Sergius.
79- Theotokos (Mother of God) by Vladimir from the
end of the 11th century (Constantinople), but
moved to Moscow in the 13th century where it
remains.
80Diminished Empire after Justinian
- Germanic Lombards invade and conquer Italy
- Visigoths retake previously lost parts of Spain.
- Slavs (primarily Bulgars) take Balkan provinces
except Thrace - Arabs take Africa and the east (including
Jerusalem) except for Asia Minor
81Map of Post-Justinian Empire, ca. 700
82Significance of Byzantium
- Strengths
- Geography encourages trade
- Impregnable city of Constantinople
- Strong imperial personalities, autocracy
- Hellenistic culture and religiously united
(except for some Christian heresiesthe
monophysites) - Weaknesses
- Problems with Succession (2/3 killed)
- Isolated, Separatistic
- Cultivated luxurious, pleasure-seeking culture
83Significance of Byzantium
- Language and Literature
- Preserved Greek, including Bible MSS.
- Half of literature was theological
- Based education on Greek classics
- Preserved Greek culture while the West was
overrun with Barbarian cultures (except what
was introduced into Celtic culture in Ireland) - Influence on Slavic Culture
- Gave them religion, alphabet, art, architecture
- Christian Slavic nations looked to Byzantium for
leadership
84Byzantium and the West
- Had territories in Italy till 1100.
- Substantial commerce between Constantinople,
Venice and other Italian cities. - Preserved Roman law and Greek culture for the
West to rediscover
85Slavic Missions Cyril Methodius
- Invited by the Prince Ratislav to Moravia in 862
- The brothers led Moravia into Christianity, and
their disciples evangelized the Bulgars and other
Slavs. - Moravia ultimately came under Roman Catholic
control but the influence of the brothers
continued among the other Slavs.
86Cyril and Methodius
- They created a written language for
Slavonicprovided Slav churches with alphabet,
translations of creeds, liturgies and texts (Old
Church Slavonic). - Unlike the West where Latin was the only
liturgical language, the East had from the
beginning used the language of the people for
liturgy. - The Cyrillic alphabet, developed in the 10th
century, was based on their old alphabet and
language.
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88The Primary Chronicle
- Vladimir again called together his vassals and
the elders. The Prince announced the return of
the envoys who had been sent out, and suggested
that their report be heard. He commanded them to
speak out before his vassals. The envoys
reported "When we traveled among the Bulgars, we
saw how they worship in their temple, called a
mosque, while they lounge about slackly.
Bulgarians bow, sit down, and look here and there
as if possessed. There is no happiness among
them, but instead only sadness and bad smells.
Their religion is not good. Next we went among
the Germans. We saw them performing many
ceremonies in their temples, but we saw no glory
there. Then we went on to Greece. The Greeks led
us to the edifices where they worship their God,
and we did not know whether we were in heaven or
on earth. On earth there is no such splendor or
such beauty, and we are at a loss how to describe
it. We know only that God lives there among men,
and that the Greek service is fairer than the
ceremonies of other nations. We cannot forget
that beauty. Once he has tasted sweetness, no man
is willing to settle for bitterness.
89Conversion of Rus
- Vladimir, the prince of Rus, invited Byzantine
teachers to Kiev in 988. - All Russians were commanded to be baptized in
order to stay in favor with the Prince. - Vladimir married the sister of the Byzantine
Emperor in 989.
90Russian History
- Russian Christianity was centered in Kiev from
988 to 1240 when Mongols burned Kiev to the
ground. - The center of Russian Christianity moved to
Moscow in the 14th century when in the 1380s
Mongols (Tartars) were first defeated by
Muscovite princes. - Moscow becomes the Patriarch of Russian
Christianity in the late 14th century.
91The Germanization of Western Europe Franks
92Merovingian Franks
- Clovis (466-511), a Frank, married a
- Burgundian princess who insisted he
- become Catholic.
- After winning a battle, he converted in 496 and
supported missionaries. He also forced
conversions among the Franks and those he
conquered. - Germanic Gaul became Christian and began the
fusion of Germanic and Roman culture. - Clovis is the first French King.
93St. Patrick (385-461), Apostle to the Irish
- Patrick was a missionary among the Irish Celts.
- Native Welsh (Maewyn), former slave, 12 years in
Gaul.
- Monasticism was a dominant feature of Irish
Christianity since the population was almost
entirely rural. They preserved classical
learning in the western world and promoted
education (e.g., influencing even England at York
where schools flourished) - Irish monks evangelized Scotland, Burgundy,
Switzerland and northern Italy.
94Conversion of England
- After the fall of Rome, England was overrun by
pagan Saxons, Angles and Jutes between 450-500. - Irish monks evangelized in England (primarily
northern), but also Augustine of Rome was sent by
Pope Gregory I in 597. He converted Ethelbert
(560-616 a Jute), King of Kent, in 601 and
established the bishopric of Canterbury (later
center of the English church). - Celtic and Augustinian (Roman) Christianity had
their differences and this created tension.
95Resolution to Side with Rome
- Celtic Church older with own traditions
- Existed in Scotland, Northern England and Ireland
- Emphasized monasticism and learning
- Roman and Celtic missionaries compete for
English Northumberland. - King Oswy of Northumberland called synod
- Synod of Whitby (664)
- Oswy decided for Roman based on the Petrine
Thesis (Roman primacy).
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97Boniface, Apostle of Germany
- Boniface (675-754), Anglo-Saxon from southern
England, pioneered missionary work among the
Saxons of Hesse. - He was ultimately appointed Archbishop of Mainz.
- He was martyred while preaching among the pagans
in Frisia.
98Empire of Charlemagne
99Carolingian Franks
- Pope Zacharias (741-752) approved the plan of
Pepin the Short to seize the throne for himself
after the last Merovingian died. - Pope Stephen II (752-757) appealed to Pepin for
help against the Germanic Lombards and the
Byzantine Empire. - Pepin conquered Italy and received the title of
father-protector of the Romans. He gave the
Papacy the lands the Pope claimed in Italy (the
Papal States), which was called the Donation of
Pepin. - The document entitled Donation of Constantine
appeared which gave the Pope of Rome jurisdiction
over the whole of the western church unhindered
by the emperor.
100The Papal States
101Charles the Great (768-814)
- Creates an empire
- 53 military campaigns
- Crowned emperor 800
- Rules well
- Appoints own household staff
- Primitive law ordeals
- Creates feudal army
- Builder
- Weights and Measures
- Generous to church, but master of church
102Charlemagne (742-814)
- Pacified the Saxons in Germany, extended the
border to the Danube in eastern Europe, pacified
the Lombards in Italy and crossed the Pyrennes
into Spain. - When Pope Leo III (795-816) was forced out of
Rome by local nobles, Charlemagne arranged his
return. In Rome, December 25, 800 A.D.,
Charlemagne was crowned emperor of the Holy
Roman Empire.
103Charlemagne receiving gifts
104Empire of Charlemagne
105Carolingian Renaissance
- 600 years before the Italian Renaissance, it
successfully merged Germanic and Greco-Roman
cultures into Christian Europe. - Alcuin of York (740-804), one of Charlemagnes
scholars at Aachen (near Cologne), taught at a
palace school. The net effect was higher
educational and moral standards for clergy.
Education was popularized in France. - Alcuin established the basic liberal arts
educational philosophy - Elementary disciplines grammar, rhetoric,
dialectic (logic) - Advanced disciplines arithmetic, geometry,
music, astronomy - Highest discipline theology
106Alcuin of York Appointed head of Charlemagnes
Palace School Aix-la-Chapelle (780-790)
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108Carolingian kings of France not competent after
division
- Invasion of Vikings
- Carolingian kings unable to protect people
- Paris withstood the onslaught (888)
- Normans invade and settle in north
- Rollo first Duke of Normandy 933
- Normandy strongest area in France
- Lords ask Hugh Capet to be king 987
- Son of Eudes brother Robert
- Beginning of Capetian Dynasty
109(No Transcript)
110Two Kingdoms Emerge
- Frankish (French) Kingdom
- Hugh Capet (987-996).
- German and Saxon Kingdom
- Otto the Great (936-973). Otto continued the
legacy of the Holy Roman Empire as he sought to
control Italy as part of his territory.
111Otto I, 936-973
- Makes Germany great
- Establishes authority
- Dreams of re-creating Roman Empire
- Builds up alliances
- Uses middle class as civil service
- Puts down revolt of nobles
- Defeats Magyars at Lech 955
112(No Transcript)
113Germany Becomes Empire
- 962 Otto crowned emperor
- Son married to Byzantine princess
- Church is weak
- Otto deposes 2 popes, elects 2
- Otto meddles in Italian affairs
- Otto re-creates Carolingian Empire
114Papacy and Frankish Empire
- Frankish/German Emperors control the Papacy
- Popes tortured, killed, desecrated
- 48 popes, 880-1046
- Most were immoral, incompetent
- Deliberate strategy of German emperors
115(No Transcript)
116Pope Innocent I (401-417)
- The western Emperor Honorius had moved his
government to Ravenna. - Innocent I was Pope when Rome was sacked by the
Visigoths in 410. - Innocent I took the opportunity to extend his
authority in both political and theological
contexts. - He confirmed the decisions of the North African
churches against Pelagianism as he sided with
Augustine. - He took on political and judicial functions in
the city of Rome, especially the absence of
imperial authority.
117Pope Leo I (the Great), 440-461
- Leo centralized western ecclesial government and
located juridical power in Rome. - Leo also led the city politically and was praised
for dissuading Attila the Hun from sacking Rome
in 452. - Stressed the priority of Rome in the universal
government of the church, especially as he sought
to maintain jurisdiction over Illyricum. - Leo is sometimes regarded as the first Roman
Pope since he stressed his universal
responsibility for the church based on Petrine
supremacy and his rights as the successor of
Peter.
118Gregory I (the Great, 590-605)
- Born of aristocratic Roman family
- Comes with political, diplomatic experience
- Papal ambassador to Constantinople
- Roman official then monk, then Pope
- Sends Augustine to England as Missionary
119Gregory I (the Great)
- Takes over the political rule of city of Rome
- (Helps when Rome besieged)
- Works for high morals in church
- (Encouraged monks to be faithful to their vows)
- Uses family home as a church Did not want titles
or honor - Developed idea of Purgatory emphasized penance
over grace - Encouraged idea of Communion as literal body
blood - Wrote and collected songs Gregorian Chants
Prolific writer