Chapter 7 Integration of Information - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Chapter 7 Integration of Information

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Presents the Integration of Information, Integration of Information over Networks, Spreadsheets, Word Processors, Database Reports, and Summary Information – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Chapter 7 Integration of Information


1
Chapter 7Integration of Information
The Strategic Management of Information Technolog
y
2
Transaction Processing System
Input
Process
Output
Communication
Information
3
Steps Toward Integration
  • Windowing Operating System
  • OS/2 Presentation Manager
  • Windows
  • X-Windows (Sun)
  • Transaction Processing Systems
  • Payroll Services
  • Sales Order Processing Systems
  • Process Control Systems
  • Corporate Accounting Systems

4
Steps Toward Integration
  • Multi-Tasking
  • Allow Users to run different programs at the same
    time
  • Windows
  • OS/2 (Presentation Manager)
  • XWindows
  • Networks
  • Enable Dynamic Integration from Several Sources

5
Integration
  • Vertical
  • Different Levels of Production
  • ex Oil Company
  • Horizontal
  • Retail Stores
  • exWalMart

6
Object-Orientation
  • Different than Transmitting Raw Bits of Data
  • Hardware Connections
  • Access Controls
  • Simple Data Formats
  • Software Agents
  • object-oriented programs written to perform
    specific tasks in response to user requests
  • agents know how to exchange object attributes
  • agents have the ability to activate object
    functions in other agents
  • Multimedia
  • Integration of Text, Video, Sound, Pictures,
    Animation

7
Integration/Links
  • Static
  • Hard-Coded
  • Import
  • Dynamic
  • Linked
  • Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE)
  • Hot-Linked
  • Object-Linking and Embedding (OLE)
  • Original Software Package Automatically started
    when chosen

8
Systems Project Proposals
  • Feasibility Factors
  • Technical
  • Economic
  • Legal
  • Operational
  • Schedule
  • Strategic Factors
  • Productivity
  • Differentiation
  • Management

9
Systems Plan
  • Business Plan
  • Document Companys Goals and Objectives
  • Align Systems Project with Companys Business
    Plan
  • Enterprise-Wide Model
  • Entity Relationship Diagram showing relationship
    between organizations entities and their
    relationship to supporting strategies of Business
    Plan
  • View of Future Organization of Enterprise under a
    Business Plan

10
Two Levels of Planning
  • Systems Planning
  • Gives Managers, Users, and Information Systems
    Personnel Projects
  • Establishes what should be done
  • Sets a budget for the total cost of these
    projects
  • Systems Project Planning
  • Setting a plan for the development of each
    specific systems project

11
Systems Professional Skills
  • Systems Planning
  • Form project team after proposed systems project
    is cleared for development
  • Systems Analysis
  • Business Systems Analysts knowledgeable in
    business
  • General Systems Design
  • Business Systems Analysts
  • Systems Evaluation and Selection
  • Business Systems Analysts
  • Detailed Systems Design
  • Wide Range of Systems and Technical Designers
  • Systems Implementation
  • Systems analysts, programmers, and special
    technicians

12
Effective Leadership Style
  • Autocratic Style
  • Crisis-Style Management
  • Used to Correct Major Problem, such as Schedule
    Slippage
  • Democratic Style
  • Team-oriented Leadership
  • Gives each team member the freedom to achieve
    goals which he/she helped set
  • Laissez-Faire Style
  • Highly-motivated, Highly-Skilled Team Members
  • People who work best alone

13
Project Management Skills
  • Planning
  • States what should be done
  • Estimates how long it will take
  • Estimates what it will cost
  • Leading
  • Adapts to dynamics of enterprise and deals with
    setbacks
  • Guides and induces people to perform at maximum
    abilities
  • Controlling
  • Monitors Progress Reports and Documented
    Deliverables
  • Compares Plans with Actuals
  • Organizing
  • Staffs a Systems Project Team
  • Brings together users, managers, and team members

14
Project Management
  • Gantt Chart
  • Pert Chart

15
Gantt Chart
  • Compares Planned Performance against actual
    performance to determine whether the project is
    ahead of, behind, or on schedule
  • Schedule a complete systems project by phases

16
PERT Chart
  • Program, Evaluation and Renew Technique
  • Estimate, Schedule, and Control a network of
    interdependent tasks
  • Shown by arrows, nodes, or circles
  • Determine minimum time needed to complete a
    project, phase, or task
  • Critical Path
  • Minimum time needed to complete a project or
    phase
  • Total of the most time-consuming chain of events

17
PERT Chart
  • Four Steps
  • Identify Tasks
  • Determine Proper Sequence of Tasks
  • Estimate the Time Required to Perform each Task
  • Prepare Time-Scaled Chart of Tasks and Events to
    Determine the Critical Path

18
CASE
  • Computer-Aided Systems and Software Engineering
  • Increase Productivity of Systems Professionals
  • Improve the Quality of Systems Produced
  • Improve Software Maintenance Issue

19
CASE
  • Includes
  • workstations
  • central repository
  • numerous modeling tools
  • project management
  • Systems Development Life Cycle Support
  • Prototyping Applications
  • Software Design Features

20
Central Repository
  • Models Derived from Modeling Tools
  • Project Management Elements
  • Documented Deliverables
  • Screen Prototypes and Report Designs
  • Software Code from Automatic Code Generator
  • Module and Object Libraries of Reusable Code
  • Reverse Engineering, Reengineering, and
    Restructuring Features

21
Software Maintenance
  • Reverse Engineering
  • Extract original design from spaghetti-like,
    undocumented code to make maintenance change
    request
  • Abstract meaningful design specifications that
    can be used by maintenance programmers to perform
    maintenance tasks
  • Reengineering
  • Examination and changing of a system to
    reconstitute it in form and functionality
  • Reimplementation
  • Restructuring
  • Restructures code into standard control
    constructs
  • sequence, selection, repetition

22
Work Group Technologies
  • Suite of Products
  • Groupware

23
Suite of ProductsExamples
  • Microsoft Corporation
  • Word
  • Excel
  • PowerPoint
  • Lotus Development Corporation
  • AmiPro
  • Lotus 1-2-3
  • Freelance
  • Novell/Borland
  • WordPerfect
  • Borland
  • dBaseIV

24
Suite of ProductsAdvantages
  • Integrated Document
  • Economies of Scale
  • Consolidated Training
  • Shared Files Across Group

25
Suite of ProductsDisadvantages
  • Choice Based upon Group Rather than Advantages of
    Individual Product
  • Locked In to Product Company
  • Difficulty in Matching Client Requirements

26
Todays Organization
  • Enterprise-Wide Development
  • Object-Oriented Definition
  • Implementation of Suite Approach
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