Earth and Atmosphere Review

1
Earth and Atmosphere Review

• Chapter 6 - Weather and Climate
• Chapter 16 - Environmental Geology
• Chapter 14 Food and Soil Resources

2
The Atmosphere

• Troposphere

• 78 N, 21 O

• Stratosphere

• Ozone layer

Fig. 20-2 p. 434
3
Weather

• 6-1 Weather A Brief Introduction
• A. Weather is short-term atmospheric conditions
  in an area. It is typically considered in hours
  or days.
• B. Much weather activity is due to
  interactions between leading edges or
  fronts of moving masses of warm or cold air.
• 1. A warm front is the boundary between a
  warm mass of air and the cooler air it
  replaces. It often results in cloudy, rainy
  days.

4
Weather

• A cold front is an advancing mass of cold air
  that stays close to the ground. It is often
  associatedwith thunderstorms and high winds.
  Cooler, clear weather is the result.
• 3. Jet streams are near the top of the
  troposphere and circle the Earth. They have a
  strong influenceon weather patterns.

5
Figure 6-2Page 102
Cool air mass
Warm air mass
Anvil top
Warm air mass
Cool air mass
6
Climate

• Temperature

• Precipitation

• Uneven heating

• Seasons

• Earths rotation

• Properties of airand water

Fig. 6-5 p. 105
7
Seasons
Fig. 6-7 p. 106
8
Air Circulation
Fig. 6-8, p. 107
Fig. 6-10, p. 107
9
Warm ocean current
Warm temperate
Highland
Polar (ice)
Cold ocean current
Dry
Major upwelling zones
Subarctic (snow)
River
Tropical
Cool temperate
10
Tropic of Cancer
Equator
Tropic of Capricorn
Semidesert, arid grassland
Arctic tundra (polar grasslands)
Desert
Boreal forest (taiga), evergreen
coniferous forest (e.g., montane coniferous
forest)
Tropical rain forest, tropical evergreen forest
Mountains (complex zonation)
Temperate deciduous forest
Tropical deciduous forest
Ice
Temperate grassland
Tropical scrub forest
Dry woodlands and shrublands (chaparral)
Tropical savanna, thorn forest
11

12
Temperate grassland (Lawrence, Kansas)
13
Soil Profiles in Different Biomes
Fig. 4-27, p. 75
14
The Earths Life-Support Systems

• Troposphere

• Stratosphere

• Hydrosphere

• Lithosphere

• Biosphere

Fig. 4-7 p. 60
15
Figure 16-3Page 334
Spreading center
Oceanic tectonic plate
Oceanic tectonic plate
Ocean trench
Collision between two continents
Plate movement
Plate movement
Tectonic plate
Oceanic crust
Oceanic crust
Subduction zone
Continental crust
Continental crust
Material cools as it reaches the outer mantle
Cold dense material falls back through mantle
Hot material rising through the mantle
Mantle convection cell
Mantle
Two plates move towards each other. One is
subducted back into the mantle on falling
convection current.
Hot outer core
Inner core
16
Figure 16-4Page 335
Reykjanes Ridge
EURASIAN PLATE
EURASIAN PLATE
Mid- Atlantic Ocean Ridge
ANATOLIAN PLATE
JUAN DE FUCA PLATE
NORTH AMERICAN PLATE
CARIBBEAN PLATE
CHINA SUBPLATE
Transform fault
ARABIAN PLATE
PHILIPPINE PLATE
PACIFIC PLATE
AFRICAN PLATE
COCOS PLATE
Mid- Indian Ocean Ridge
SOUTH AMERICAN PLATE
Transform fault
Carlsberg Ridge
East Pacific Rise
SOMALIAN SUBPLATE
INDIAN-AUSTRLIAN PLATE
Southeast Indian Ocean Ridge
Transform fault
Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge
ANTARCTIC PLATE
Plate motion at convergent plate boundaries
Plate motion at divergent plate boundaries
Convergent plate boundaries
17
Figure 16-5aPage 336
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Oceanic ridge at a divergent plate boundary
18
Figure 16-5bPage 336
Trench
Volcanic island arc
Lithosphere
Rising magma
Asthenosphere
Subduction zone
Trench and volcanic island arc at a
convergent plate boundary
19
Figure 16-9Page 339
Erosion
Transportation
Weathering
Deposition
Igneous Rock Granite,pumice, basalt
Sedimentary Rock Shale, sandstone, limestone
Heat, pressure
Heat, pressure, stress
Magma (molten rock)
Melting
Metamorphic Rock Slate, marble, quartzite
20
Global Soil Erosion
Fig. 14-7 p. 280
21
Soil Erosion in the US

• Dust Bowl 1930s Fig. 14-5 p. 281
• Reductions in erosion since 1987
• 1985 Food Security Act

22
World Desertification
Fig. 14-9 p. 282
23
Causes of Desertification

• Overgrazing
• Deforestation
• Erosion
• Salinization
• Soil Compaction
• Natural Climate Change

Refer to Fig. 14-10 p. 283
24
Solutions Soil Conservation

• Conventional-tillage

• Conservation tillage

• Terracing

Refer to Fig. 14-14 p. 285

• Contour farming

• Strip and alley cropping

• Windbreaks

• Land Classification