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Human Biology (BIOL 104) Talk Four: Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems Chapter 4 Organ Systems 10. Urinary/Excretory Systems: consists of the kidneys, ureters ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Talk Four:


1
Human Biology (BIOL 104)
  • Talk Four
  • Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems
  • Chapter 4

2
Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems
  • Every year tens of thousands of people develop a
    disease or suffer an injury that severely damages
    an organ or tissue.
  • If only it were possible to replace those body
    parts!
  • All body cells come from stem cells (more in
    later talks).
  • Ah, back to the ethics stuff!!!!!
  • Adults also have stem cells (less controversial)
  • Adult stem cells are more limited than embryonic
    cells
  • Active types show promise for regenerating
    cartilage and heart muscle damaged by a heart
    attack
  • We will focus on the basic types of cells and
    tissues that make up the Human Body.

3
Tissues
  • Tissue
  • Similarly specialized cells that perform a common
    function in the body.
  • 4 main tissue types in the human body
  • 1. Epithelial covers body surface and lines
    body cavities.
  • 2. Connective binds and supports body parts.
  • 3. Muscular Moves body parts
  • 4. Nervous Receives, interprets and sends
    signals.

4
1. Epithelial Tissue
  • This covers the whole surface of the body.
  • It is made up of cells closely packed and ranged
    in one or more layers.
  • This tissue is specialized to form the covering
    or lining of all internal and external body
    surfaces.
  • Epithelial tissue that occurs on surfaces on the
    interior of the body is known as endothelium.
  • Epithelial cells are packed tightly together,
    with almost no intercellular spaces and only
    a small amount of intercellular substance.
  • Epithelial tissue, regardless of the type, is
    usually separated from the underlying tissue by a
    thin sheet of connective tissue basement
    membrane.
  • The basement membrane provides structural
    support for the epithelium and also binds it to
    neighboring structures.

5
1. Epithelial Tissue
  • 5 types
  • A Squamous-flat-lungs and blood.
  • B Cuboidal-cube-kidney tubes.
  • C Columnar-pillars-Digestive tract.
  • D Pseudostratified ciliated columnar-
    Respiratory tract.
  • E Stratified squamous epithelium - esophagus

Used with permission from imgarcade.com
6
Functions of Epithelial Tissue
  • Protection
  • Epithelial cells from the skin protect underlying
    tissue from mechanical injury, harmful chemicals,
    invading bacteria and from excessive loss of
    water.
  • Sensation
  • Sensory stimuli penetrate specialised epithelial
    cells. Specialised epithelial tissue containing
    sensory nerve endings is found in the skin, eyes,
    ears, nose and on the tongue.
  • Secretion
  • In glands, epithelial tissue is specialised
    to secrete specific chemical substances such as
    enzymes, hormones and lubricating fluids.
  • Absorption
  • Certain epithelial cells lining the small
    intestine absorb nutrients from the digestion of
    food.

7
Functions of Epithelial Tissue
  • Excretion
  • Epithelial tissues in the kidney excrete waste
    products from the body and reabsorb needed
    materials from the urine. Sweat is also excreted
    from the body by epithelial cells in the sweat
    glands.
  • Diffusion
  • Simple epithelium promotes the diffusion of
    gases, liquids and nutrients. Because they form
    such a thin lining, they are ideal for the
    diffusion of gases (eg. walls of capillaries and
    lungs).
  • Cleaning
  • Ciliated epithelium assists in removing dust
    particles and foreign bodies which have entered
    the air passages.
  • Reduces Friction
  • The smooth, tightly-interlocking, epithelial
    cells that line the entire circulatory
    system reduce friction between the blood and the
    walls of the blood vessels.

8
Cleaning, an extended example - the Trachea
  • Windpipe connects larynx to primary bronchi.
  • Held open by cartilage
  • Goblet cell
  • Makes mucus
  • Mucosa contains layer of pseudostratified
    ciliated epithelium
  • Sweep dirt and excess mucus upwards

9
Basement Membrane
  • Why doesn't our skin fall completely off our
    bodies?
  • The results of gravity's constant downward pull
    on our faces, shoulders, backs, necks, chests,
    organs, legs and feet are obvious to most of us,
    especially as we age.
  • Nowhere is this more obvious than our skin.
    Millions of dollars are spent every year to
    tighten that sagging, drooping skin.
  • The occasional face-lift, a little Botox, creams,
    serums, and muscle exercises are part of this
    nations obsession.
  • Meet the basement membrane.
  • Epithelial Tissue is held to the body via a
    Basement membrane

10
Basement Membrane
  • The basement membrane serves as the anchor for
    the epithelium, attaching it to the connective
    tissue below.
  • Your skin has three layers. The outer layer,
    called the epidermis, is composed of epithelial
    cells. 
  • The middle layer is the dermis, and is composed
    of connective tissue such as
  • blood vessels, sweat glands, sebaceous glands,
    and temperature sensors.
  • The third layer is the subcutaneous, and is the
    lowest layer.
  • The basement membrane lies between the epidermis
    and the dermis, keeping the outside layer tightly
    connected to the inside layer.

From the wikimedia free licensed media file
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Basement Membrane
  • Not even the effects of gravity can destroy this
    anchoring system.
  • While skin may droop and sag, it will never
    completely fall off.
  • Basement membrane is not found just in the skin.
  • It has important functions all over the body.
  • Any place you find epithelium and endothelium,
    the basement membrane will be sandwiched in
    between to hold the layers together.
  • Basement membrane is composed of
  • glycoproteins-sticky sugary proteins and protein
    fibers
  • Collagen
  • strong, elastic-stretchy

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2. Connective Tissue
  • Supports, connects, or separates different types
    of tissues and organs of the body.
  • Contains high quantities of a protein called
    collagen
  • Connective tissue proper consists of loose
    connective tissue and dense connective
    tissue (which is further subdivided into dense
    regular and dense irregular connective tissues.)
  • Special connective tissue consists of reticular
    connective tissue, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone
    , and blood.
  • Other kinds of connective tissues include
    fibrous, elastic, and lymphoid connective tissues.

13
2. Connective Tissue
  • Dense connective tissue
  • In skin and capsules around organs used as a
    support structure
  • Adipose connective tissue
  • Mainly cells filled with fat- under skin and
    kidneys
  • Energy reserve, insolation, and padding
  • Areolar connective tissue
  • Found under the skin Elasticity and diffusions
    of solutes
  • Compact bone
  • Movement, support, and protection
  • Blood
  • Fluid blood plasma

From the wikimedia free licensed media file
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Functions of connective tissue
  • Storage of energy
  • Protection of organs
  • Provision of structural framework for the body
  • Connection of body tissues
  • Connection of epithelial tissues to muscle fiber.
  • Supply of hormones all over the body
  • Nutritional support to epithelium
  • Site of defense reactions
  • Repair of body tissues

15
Diseases of connective tissue
  • Scurvy problems with sea voyages, lack of food
    other than salted meats.
  • Symptoms include, swollen gums, loose teeth,
    small black-and-blue spots on the skin, and
    bleeding from small blood vessels are among the
    characteristic signs of scurvy.
  • Caused when vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is lost
    from diet
  • Vitamin C is needed to keep Iron reduced in blood
    cells to carry oxygen
  • In 1795, the British Royal Navy provided a daily
    ration of lime or lemon juice to all its men.
    English sailors to this day are called "limeys",
    for lime was the term used at the time for both
    lemons and limes.

From the wikimedia free licensed media file
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Diseases of connective tissue
  • Several heritable diseases result from mutations
    in the collagen
  • Marfans Syndrom and Ehlers-Danlos syndromes -
    inherited disorder of connective tissue which
    affects many organ systems, including the
    skeleton, lungs, eyes, heart and blood vessels.
  • All resulting from various mutation in collagen
    and other fibril associated proteins, ultimately
    affecting the structure and molecular interaction
    of connective tissue.

17
3. Muscle tissue
  • Is a soft tissue that composes muscles in bodies,
    and gives rise to muscles' ability to contract.
    This is opposed to other components or tissues in
    muscle such as tendons
  • Muscle tissue varies with function and location
    in the body. In mammals the three types are 
  • skeletal or striated muscle 
  • smooth or non-striated muscle 
  • cardiac muscle, which is sometimes known as
    semi-striated
  • Smooth and cardiac muscle contracts
    involuntarily, without conscious intervention.

18
Skeletal or striated muscle
  • Striated in structure and under voluntary
    control, is anchored by tendons to bone and is
    used to effect skeletal movement such as
    locomotion and to maintain posture.
  • An average adult male is made up of 42 of
    skeletal muscle and an average adult female is
    made up of 36 (as a percentage of body mass).

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Smooth or non-striated muscle 
  • Smooth muscle, neither striated in structure nor
    under voluntary control, is found within the
    walls of organs and structures such as the
  • esophagus
  • stomach 
  • intestines 
  • bronchi
  • uterus 
  • urethra 
  • bladder
  • blood vessels 
  • arrector pili in the skin (in which it controls
    erection of body hair).

From the wikimedia free licensed media file
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Cardiac Muscle
  • Cardiac muscle (myocardium), found only in the
    heart, not subject to voluntary control.
  • Cardiac "striated" in that they contain
    sarcomeres and are packed into highly regular
    arrangements of bundles smooth muscle has
    neither.
  • While skeletal muscles are arranged in regular,
    parallel bundles, cardiac muscle connects at
    branching, irregular angles (called intercalated
    discs).
  • Heart cells must beat in unison. Intercalated
    Disks allow calcium to regulate united beating

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4. Nervous Tissue
  • The main component of the two parts of the
    nervous system the brain and spinal cord of the
    central nervous system (CNS), and the branching
    peripheral nerves of the peripheral nervous
    system (PNS)
  • Both regulate and control bodily functions and
    activity.
  • It is composed of
  • neurons, or nerve cells, which receive and
    transmit impulses
  • neuroglia, also known as glial cells or more
    commonly as just glia.

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4. Nervous Tissue
  • Glia assist the propagation of the nerve impulse
    as well as providing nutrients to the neuron.
  • Nervous tissue is made up of different types of
    nerve cells, all of which having an axon, the
    long stem-like part of the cell that sends action
    potential signals to the next cell.
  • Functions of the nervous system are sensory
    input, integration, control of muscles and
    glands, homeostasis, and mental activity.

From the wikimedia free licensed media file
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4. Nervous Tissue
24
Tissues require cell junctions
  • Type of structure that exists within the tissue
    of some multicellular organisms, such as Humans.
  • Consist of multiprotein complexes that provide
    contact between neighbouring cells or between a
    cell and the extracellular matrix.
  • They also build up the paracellular barrier of
    epithelia and control the transport of solutes.
    Cell junctions are especially abundant in
    epithelial tissues.
  • Cell junctions are especially important in
    enabling communication between neighboring cells
    via specialized proteins called communicating
    junctions. Cell junctions are also important in
    reducing stress placed upon cells.

25
Three types
  • A Adhesion junction
  • Cells within tissues and organs must be anchored
    to one another and attached to components of the
    extracellular matrix.
  • Anchoring proteins extend through the plasma
    membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one
    cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring
    cells as well as to proteins in the extracellular
    matrix

26
Three types
  • B Tight junction
  • Found in epithelia, they act as barriers that
    regulate the movement of water and solutes
    between epithelial layers.
  • There is evidence to suggest that the structures
    in which solutes pass through are somewhat like
    pores.
  • Prevent the highly acidic gastric fluid in your
    stomach from leaking out and digesting proteins
    of your own body instead of those you consume as
    food.

27
Three types
  • C Communicating (GAP) junctions
  • Allow for direct chemical communication between
    adjacent cellular cytoplasm through diffusion
    without contact of the extra cellular fluid.
  • Protrudes across the cell membrane, and when 2
    adjacent cells interact, they form the gap
    junction channel.
  • Play vital roles in the human body, including
    their role in the uniform contractile of the
    heart muscle.
  • They are also relevant in signal transfers in the
    brain, and their absence shows a decreased cell
    density in the brain.
  • Retinal and skin cells are also dependent on gap
    junctions in cell differentiation and
    proliferation.

28
Organs and Organ Systems
  • An organ is a collection of tissues joined in a
    structural unit to serve a common function
  • Organs are composed of main tissue, parenchyma,
    and "sporadic" tissues, stroma.
  • The main tissue is that which is unique for the
    specific organ, such as the specialized cells of
    the stomach,
  • Sporadic tissues include the nerves, blood
    vessels, and connective tissues.
  • Functionally related organs often cooperate to
    form whole organ systems.
  • A hollow organ is a visceral organ that forms a
    hollow tube or pouch, such as the stomach or
    intestine, or that includes a cavity, like the
    heart or urinary bladder

Used with permission from imgarcade.com
29
Organ Systems
  • 1. Circulatory System The main function of this
    system is to transport nutrients and gasses to
    cells and tissues throughout body. This is
    accomplished by the circulation of blood.
  • Cardiovascular comprised of the heart, blood,
    and blood vessels. The beating of the heart
    drives the cardiac cycle which pumps blood
    throughout body.
  • Cardiovascular organs
  • heart, blood vessels, blood
  • Lymphatic This system is a vascular network of
    tubules and ducts that collect, filter, and
    return lymph to blood circulation.
  • As a component of the immune system, the
    lymphatic system produces and circulates immune
    cells called lymphocytes.
  • Lymphatic organs
  • lymph vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen,
    tonsils

From the wikimedia free licensed media file
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Organ Systems
  • 2. Digestive System This system breaks down food
    polymers into smaller molecules to provide energy
    for the body.
  • Digestive juices and enzymes are secreted to
    break down the carbohydrates, fat, and protein in
    food.
  • Primary organs
  • mouth, stomach, intestines, rectum
  • Accessory organs
  • teeth, tongue, liver, pancreas
  • 3. Endocrine System This system regulates vital
    processes in the body including growth,
    homeostasis, metabolism, and sexual development.
    Endocrine organs secrete hormones to regulate
    body processes.
  • Endocrine structures
  • pituitary gland, pineal gland, thymus, ovaries,
    testes, thyroid gland

From the wikimedia free licensed media file
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31
Organ Systems
  • 4. Integumentary System This system protects the
    internal structures of the body from damage,
    prevents dehydration, stores fat and produces
    vitamins and hormones.
  • Integumentary structures
  • skin, nails, hair, sweat glands
  • 5. Muscular System This system enables movement
    through the contraction of muscles.
  • Structures
  • muscles

32
Organ Systems
  • 6. Nervous System This system monitors and
    coordinates internal organ function and responds
    to changes in the external environment
  • Structures
  • brain, spinal cord, nerves
  • 7. Reproductive System This system enables the
    production of offspring through sexual
    reproduction.
  • It is comprised of male and female reproductive
    organs and structures which produce sex cells and
    ensure the growth and development of offspring.
  • Male organs
  • testes, scrotum, penis, vas deferens, prostate
  • Female organs
  • ovaries, uterus, vagina, mammary glands

33
Organ Systems
  • 8. Respiratory System This system provides the
    body with oxygen via gas exchange between air
    from the outside environment and gases in the
    blood.
  • Respiratory organs
  • lungs, nose, trachea, bronchi
  • 9. Skeletal System This system supports and
    protects the body while giving it shape and form.
  • Structures
  • bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, cartilage

Both diagrams used with permission from
imgarcade.com
34
Organ Systems
  • 10. Urinary/Excretory Systems consists of the
    kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
  • The kidneys filter the blood to remove wastes and
    produce urine.
  • The ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
    together form the urinary tract, which acts as a
    plumbing system to drain urine from the kidneys,
    store it, and then release it during urination.
  • Besides filtering and eliminating wastes from the
    body, the urinary system also maintains the
    homeostasis of water, ions, pH, blood pressure,
    calcium and red blood cells
  • Structures
  • kidneys, urinary bladder, urethra, ureters

Used with permission from imgarcade.com
35
Organs and Organ Systems
  • It is important to keep in mind that these organ
    systems don't just exist as individual units.
  • The final product of these cooperating systems is
    one unit called the body.
  • Each system depends on the others, either
    directly or indirectly, to keep the body
    functioning normally.

Used with permission from imgarcade.com
36
The Skin an example of an organ system
  • The skin is the largest organ in the human body.
  • For the average adult human, the skin has a
    surface area of between 1.5-2.0 square meters
    (16.1-21.5 sq ft.), most of it between 23 mm
    (0.10 inch) thick.
  • On average it weighs about 9 pound
  • The average square inch (6.5 cm²) of skin holds
  • 650 sweat glands
  • 20 blood vessels
  • 60,000 melanocytes
  • more than 1,000 nerve endings

37
The Skin an example of an organ system
  • Skin performs the following functions
  • Protection an anatomical barrier from pathogens
    and damage between the internal and external
    environment in bodily defense
  • Sensation contains a variety of nerve endings
    that react to heat and cold, touch, pressure,
    vibration, and tissue injury
  • Heat regulation Dilated blood vessels increase
    perfusion and heat loss, while constricted
    vessels greatly reduce cutaneous blood flow and
    conserve heat.

38
The Skin an example of an organ system
  • Control of evaporation the skin provides a
    relatively dry and semi-impermeable barrier to
    fluid loss.
  • Loss of this function contributes to the massive
    fluid loss in burns.
  • Aesthetics and communication Some trained
    professionals see our skin and can assess our
    mood, physical state and attractiveness.
  • Storage and synthesis acts as a storage center
    for lipids and water, as well as a means of
    synthesis of vitamin D by action of UV on certain
    parts of the skin.

39
The Skin an example of an organ system
  • Excretion sweat contains urea, however its
    concentration is 1/130th that of urine, hence
    excretion by sweating is at most a secondary
    function to temperature regulation.
  • Absorption the cells comprising the outermost
    0.250.40 mm of the skin are "almost exclusively
    supplied by external oxygen", although the
    "contribution to total respiration is
    negligible".
  • Water resistance The skin acts as a water
    resistant barrier so essential nutrients aren't
    washed out of the body.

40
Homeostasis
  • Homeostasis is the property of a system in which
    variables are regulated so that internal
    conditions remain stable and relatively constant.
  • Examples of homeostasis include the regulation
    of
  • temperature
  • balance between acidity and alkalinity (pH).
  • It is a process that maintains the stability of
    the human body's internal environment in response
    to changes in external conditions.

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The End!
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