Pedestrian Planning and Design

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Pedestrian Planning and Design
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Why should we accommodate bicycles and
pedestrians?

• Bicycles are legally considered to be vehicles,
  with the right to use roadways
• There are 9 million bike trips and 56 million
  walking trips in the U. S. everyday
• One in ten U. S. households do not own an
  automobile
• 1/3 of the population do not drive an automobile

References Uniform Vehicle Code, 1995 National
Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS), 1990 US
Census
FHWA Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian
Transportation
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Why should we accommodate bicycles and
pedestrians?

• Lifestyle
• Safety

References Uniform Vehicle Code, 1995 National
Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS), 1990 US
Census
FHWA Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian
Transportation
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Why Consider Pedestrians
FHWA Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian
Transportation
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FHWA Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian
Transportation
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FHWA Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian
Transportation
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FHWA Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian
Transportation
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Pedestrian Crash Statistics

• 1999 4906 pedestrians killed (11.8 of traffic
  fatalities)
• 85,000 injured or killed
• Highest crash involved for pedestrian 5 to 9 year
  old males
• Speed was contributing factor in 30 of fatal
  crashes
• A pedestrian struck at 40 mph has 85 chance of
  being killed
• 45 at 30 mph
• 5 at 20 mph

Pedestrian Facilities Users Guide (FHWA, 2002)
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Pedestrian Crashes

• Highest during morning and evening (corresponds
  to peak period)
• Fatal crashes 5 to 11 pm darkness and alcohol
  are a factor
• 86 urban, 14 rural
• 65 at non intersections

Pedestrian Facilities Users Guide (FHWA, 2002)
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ADA

• All new construction or retro fit projects must
  include curb ramps that comply with ADA
  requirements
• Should review existing street system to identify
  barriers

Pedestrian Facilities Users Guide (FHWA, 2002)
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Pedestrian Safety Improvements

• Provision of pedestrian facilities, such as
  sidewalks and crosswalks.
• Roadway and engineering measures, such as traffic
  control devices, lighting, and roadway design
  strategies
• Programs to enforce existing traffic laws and
  ordinances for motorists (e.g., obeying speed
  limits, yielding to pedestrians)
• Forgiving vehicle designs that minimize
  pedestrian injury from vehicle impact
• Education programs provided to motorists and
  pedestrians.

Pedestrian Facilities Users Guide (FHWA, 2002)
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Sidewalk Design
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Sidewalks

• Pedestrian lanes space to travel within the
  public right of way
• ITE recommend a minimum width of 5 feet for a
  sidewalk (allows 2 people to comfortably pass
• Wider in high pedestrian areas

Pedestrian Facilities Users Guide (FHWA, 2002)
Color Images http//www.pedbikeimages.org
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Sidewalk Design

• Minimum width 5 recommended by AASHTO
• Minimum clear path of travel 36
• Desired running slope no more than 5
• Maximum grade of a ramp 8.3
• Minimum cross slope 2
• Firm, smooth, slip resistant surfaces

References AASHTO Policy on Geometric Design of
Highways and Streets, Americans with Disabilities
Act Accessibility Guidelines
FHWA Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian
Transportation
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Sidewalks

• Grade should be lt 5
• Also depends on roadway alignment
• Maximum cross-slope is 2

Pedestrian Facilities Users Guide (FHWA, 2002)
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Sidewalks
Pedestrian Facilities Users Guide (FHWA, 2002)
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Sidewalks

• Provide 4 to 6 foot buffer zone from street

Pedestrian Facilities Users Guide (FHWA, 2002)
Color Images http//www.pedbikeimages.org
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FHWA Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian
Transportation
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FHWA Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian
Transportation
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Crosswalk
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Marked Crosswalks

• Indicate preferred locations for pedestrians
• Designate ROW for motorists to yield
• Be convient for pedestrian access
• Markings alone are unlikely to benefit pedestrian
  safety
• More effective with other measures such as curb
  extensions especially on high volume roadways

FHWA Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian
Transportation
Pedestrian Facilities Users Guide (FHWA, 2002)
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Marked Crosswalks
Pedestrian Facilities Users Guide (FHWA, 2002)
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Image source Phoenix School Safety Program
Update, Michael J. Cynecki, Jenny L. Grote, and
Brandon Forrey. ITE Annual Meeting, 2004.)
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Marked Crosswalks

• Should not be used
• Speed limit gt 40 mph
• 4 or more lane roadway with no median or crossing
  island when AADT gt 12,000
• 4 or more lane roadway with raised median or
  crossing island if AADT gt 15,000

Pedestrian Facilities Users Guide (FHWA, 2002)
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Underpasses/Overpasses
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Overpasses/Underpasses

• Grade separated crossing
• Expensive
• Pedestrians will not use if easier route is
  available
• Needs appropriate ramps to accommodate disabled

Pedestrian Facilities Users Guide (FHWA, 2002)
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FHWA Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian
Transportation
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Driveways
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Driveways Improvement

• Problematic
• Excessively wide or sloped driveways
• Large turning radii
• Multiple driveways
• Driveways not well defined
• Non level sidewalks

Pedestrian Facilities Users Guide (FHWA, 2002)
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Driveway

• Narrowing or closing driveways
• Reducing turning radii
• Provide median dividers for wide driveways
• Maintain sidewalk at no more than 2 sideslope

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Driveway Design
FHWA Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian
Transportation
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Raised Median
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Raised Medians

• Barriers serve as place of refuge midblock
• With landscaping can calm traffic
• Replace center turn lanes and pedestrian
  conflicts

Pedestrian Facilities Users Guide (FHWA, 2002)
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FHWA Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian
Transportation
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Accommodating Pedestrians with Disabilities
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FHWA Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian
Transportation
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FHWA Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian
Transportation
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FHWA Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian
Transportation
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FHWA Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian
Transportation
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Intersection Design for Pedestrians
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FHWA Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian
Transportation
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Intersection Curb Radius Reduction

• Wide radius results in high speed turn
• Longer walking distance
• Narrowing radius reduces speed for vehicles and
  walking distance for pedestrian
• For new construction 15 ft and arterials 25
  feet

Pedestrian Facilities Users Guide (FHWA, 2002)
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FHWA Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian
Transportation
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FHWA Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian
Transportation
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FHWA Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian
Transportation
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FHWA Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian
Transportation
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FHWA Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian
Transportation
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FHWA Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian
Transportation
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FHWA Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian
Transportation
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FHWA Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian
Transportation
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FHWA Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian
Transportation
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Curb Ramps

• Provide access between sidewalk and roadways for
  mobility impaired pedestrians
• Must be installed at intersections and midblock
  locations where pedestrian crossing exist
• Wheelchair ramp slopes less than 112 with side
  slope of 110

Pedestrian Facilities Users Guide (FHWA, 2002)
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Curb Ramps

• Designed with ADA guidelines
• Texture patterns must be detectable to blind
  pedestrians
• Should provide direct access

Pedestrian Facilities Users Guide (FHWA, 2002)
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Shared Use Path Design(also termed Multi-Use
Trails and Bike Paths)
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FHWA Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian
Transportation
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FHWA Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian
Transportation
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Other
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FHWA Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian
Transportation
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Pedestrian Facility Design Resources

• Design and Safety of Pedestrian Facilities, A
  Recommended Practice, 1998. Institute of
  Transportation Engineers, 525 School Street, S.W,
  Suite 410, Washington, DC 20024-2729, Phone
  [phone].
• Pedestrian Compatible Roadways-Planning and
  Design Guidelines, 1995. Bicycle / Pedestrian
  Transportation Master Plan, Bicycle and
  Pedestrian Advocate, New Jersey Department of
  Transportation, 1035 Parkway Avenue, Trenton, NJ
  08625, Phone [phone].
• Improving Pedestrian Access to Transit An
  Advocacy Handbook, 1998. Federal Transit
  Administration / WalkBoston. NTIS, 5285 Port
  Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.
• Planning and Implementing Pedestrian Facilities
  in Suburban and Developing Rural Areas, Report
  No. 294A, Transportation Research Board, Box 289,
  Washington, DC 20055, Phone [phone].
• Pedestrian Facilities Guidebook, 1997. Washington
  State Department of Transportation, Bicycle and
  Pedestrian Program, P.O. Box 47393, Olympia, WA
  98504.
• Portland Pedestrian Design Guide, 1998. Portland
  Pedestrian Program, 1120 SW Fifth Ave, Room 802
  Portland, OR 97210. [phone].
• Implementing Pedestrian Improvements at the
  Local Level, 1999. FHWA, HSR 20, 6300 Georgetown
  Pike, McLean, VA .
• AASHTO Guide to the Development of Pedestrian
  Facilities, 2000. AASHTO. (currently under
  discussion)

FHWA Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian
Transportation
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Bicycle and Pedestrian Design Resources

• Oregon Bicycle and Pedestrian Plan, 1995. Oregon
  Department of Transportation, Bicycle and
  Pedestrian Program, Room 210, Transportation
  Building, Salem, OR 97310, Phone [phone]
• Improving Conditions for Bicyclists and
  Pedestrians, A Best Practices Report, 1998. FHWA,
  HEP 10, 400 Seventh Street SW, Washington, DC
  20590.
• Traffic Calming Design Resources
• Traffic Calming State of the Practice. 1999.
  Institute of Transportation Engineers, 525 School
  Street, SW, Suite 410 Washington, DC 20024.
• Florida Department of Transportation's Roundabout
  Guide. Florida Department of Transportation, 605
  Suwannee St., MS-82, Tallahassee, FL 23299-0450.
• National Bicycling and Walking Study. Case Study
  19, Traffic Calming and Auto-Restricted Zones
  and other Traffic Management Techniques-Their
  Effects on Bicycling and Pedestrians, Federal
  Highway Administration (FHWA).
• Traffic Calming (1995), American Planning
  Association, 122 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago,
  IL 60603
• Traditional Neighborhood Development Street
  Design Guidelines, 1997. Proposed Recommended
  Practice, Institute of Transportation Engineers,
  525 School Street, SW, Suite 410 Washington, DC
  20024.
• Making Streets that Work, City of Seattle, 600
  Fourth Ave., 12th Floor, Seattle, WA 98104-1873,
  Phone [phone], Fax [phone].
• Traffic Control Manual for In-Street Work, 1994.
  Seattle Engineering Department, City of Seattle,
  600 4th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104-6967, Phone
  [phone].

FHWA Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian
Transportation
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Trail Design Resources

• Trails for the 21st Century, 1993. Rails to
  Trails Conservancy, 1100 17th Street NW, 10th
  Floor, Washington DC 20036. [phone].
• Greenways A Guide to Planning, Design, and
  Development, 1993. The Conservation Fund. Island
  Press, 1718 Connecticut Ave NW, Suite 300
  Washington, DC 20009.
• Trail Intersection Design Guidelines, 1996.
  Florida Department of Transportation, 605
  Suwannee St., MS-82, Tallahassee, FL 23299-0450.

FHWA Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian
Transportation
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ADA-related Design Resources

• Accessible Pedestrian Signals, 1998. U.S. Access
  Board 1331 F Street NW, Suite 1000 Washington,
  DC 20004. [phone].
• Accessible Rights of Way A Design Manual,1999.
  U.S. Access Board, 1331 F Street NW, Suite 1000
  Washington, DC 20004. [phone].
• Designing Sidewalks and Trails for Access, Part
  One. 1999. FHWA, HEPH-30, 400 Seventh Street SW,
  Washington, DC 20590.
• ADA Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings and
  Facilities, 1998 (ADAAG). U.S. Access Board, 1331
  F Street NW, Suite 1000 Washington, DC 20004.
  [phone].
• Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards, 1984
  (UFAS), available from the U.S. Access Board,
  1331 F Street NW, Suite 1000 Washington, DC
  20004. [phone]
• Universal Access to Outdoor Recreation A Design
  Guide, 1993. PLAE, Inc, MIG Communications, 1802
  Fifth Street, Berkeley, CA 94710. [phone].
  
• Recommended Street Design Guidelines for People
  Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired. American
  Council of the Blind, 1155 15th Street NW, Suite
  720 Washington, DC 20005. [phone].

FHWA Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian
Transportation