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SEPSIS - MENINGITIS - MALARIA

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SEPSIS - MENINGITIS - MALARIA Pr. B. Vandercam Consultation Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc Octobre 2004 Sepsis Focus Absence of ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: SEPSIS - MENINGITIS - MALARIA


1
SEPSIS - MENINGITIS - MALARIA
  • Pr. B. Vandercam
  • Consultation Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales
  • Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc
  • Octobre 2004

2
Sepsis
  • Focus
  • Absence of focus
  • Purpura fulminans
  • Community acquired sepsis immunocompentent adult
  • Nosocomial sepsis immunocompetent adult
  • IV DU
  • Asplenic (anatomic or functional)
  • Neutropenia
  • Toxic shock syndrome

3
Working definitions associated with sepsis and
related disorders
4
Source of infection
  • Anamnesis (pets, travel, household, )
  • Physical examination (purpura, scar )
  • Blood culture
  • Urine culture
  • RX thorax
  • Echo (scan abdo) obstacle abscess
    collection
  • Echo cardio

5
  • Activated protein C (- 6 )
  • Corticosteroids (low (HC 200-300 mg/day)
    - long (5-7d))
  • Intensive insuline therapy (- 17)
  • Volume resuscitation (- 15)

6
Prior medicare database analyses
  • MEEHAN T. Jama 1997 2782080 Mortality increased
    significantly with delay in first Abx dose gt 8
    hrs (registration to dose)
  • GLEASON PP. Arch Intern Med 1999, 1592562
    Mortality based on abx (OR)
  • Cephalosporin 1.0
  • Cephalosporin mac 0.76
  • Fluoroquinolone 0.64

7
  • Method review of Medicare database for patients
    gt 65 yrs hospitalized with x-ray confirmed CAP
  • Period reviewed July 98 - March 99
  • Patients 13 771
  • PSI score III - 47 IV - 24

8
Results
9
Skin lesions and systemic infections
10
Purpura fulminans treatment
  • Cefotaxime 2 gr q 4 - 6 h
  • or Ceftriaxone 2 gr q 12 h
  • Allergy
  • Vanco 1 gr q 12 h Aztreonam 2
    gr q 6 h or Moxifloxacin 0,4 gr q 24
    h or Levofloxacin 0,5 gr q 12 h

11
Community acquired sepsis - immunocompetent
adults
  • Infecting organisms
  • Enterobacteriacae
  • Staph aureus
  • Strept pneumoniae spp
  • N. meningitidis
  • Bacteroides spp
  • Treatment
  • Cefotaxime or Ceftriaxone
  • Amoxi clav or cefurox amino

12
IVDU
  • Infecting organisms
  • Staph aureus
  • Exclude endocarditis
  • Previous antibiotherapy
  • Treatment
  • Oxacilline 2 gr q 6 h or Vancomycine 1 gr q 12h
  • Genta 2,5 mg/kg q 12 h

13
Asplenia
  • Overwhelming sepsis
  • Stand by therapy
  • Amoxi clav
  • Allergy, travel --gt Moxifloxacin, Levofloxacin
  • Vaccination
  • Antibioprophylaxis

14
Asplenia sepsis
  • Infecting organisms
  • S. pneumoniae
  • H. influenzae
  • N. meningitidis
  • Capnocytophaga spp
  • Treatment
  • Ceftriaxone or Cefotaxime

15
Nosocomial sepsis - immunocompetent adult
  • Infecting organisms
  • Enterobacteriacae
  • S. aureus
  • Strep pneumoniae
  • Bacteroïdes spp
  • P. aeruginosa
  • CNS
  • readmission - nursing home

16
Nosocomial sepsis
  • Local epidemiology
  • Colonization
  • Previous antibiotherapy
  • IV line
  • Urinary catheter
  • Invasive procedure

17
Treatment
  • Vancomycin ?
  • Cefotaxime or Ceftriaxone or Pip/tazo
  • amino
  • Ceftazidime or Cefepime or Carbapenem
    amino

18
Sepsis neutropenia
  • Infecting organisms
  • Strepto spp
  • CNS
  • S. aureus
  • Enterobacteriacae
  • P. aeruginosa
  • Colonization
  • Previous antibiotherapy

19
Neutropenia  Low risk 
  • Amoxi clav 2 gr q 6-8 h
  • Cipro 750 q 12 h OR
  • Ceftriaxone 2 gr q 12 h
  • Amikacin 15-25 mg/kg q 24 h

20
Neutropenia  High risk 
  • Ceftazidime 2 gr q 8 h
  • Cefepime 2 gr q 8 h
  • Pip/tazo 4 gr q 6 h
  • Imipenem 750 mg q 6 h
  • Meropenem 2 gr q 8 h
  • amino ???

21
Toxic shock syndrome
  • Infecting organisms
  • Strepto A, B, C,
  • Staph aureus
  • Treatment
  • Cefazoline 2 gr q 8 h Clindamycine 600 mg q 8 h

22
Clinical diagnosis
  • Fever sensitivity 85
  • Menigism 70
  • Altered mental status 60
  • Kernig
  • Sensitivity 5
  • Specificity 95
  • Poser la question y répondre

23
Case presentation
  • 25-year-old man
  • 2-day history of severe headache, fever, neck
    stiffness
  • 38,3 C
  • No rash
  • Normal mental status and neurologic examination
  • Pain on neck flexion but able to flex his neck
    fully
  • No Kernig and Brudzinski signs

24
Contraindications of lumbar puncture
  • Known or suspected space-occupying lesions with
    mass effect
  • ? LP deferred until CT scan
  • Severe uncorrected coagulopathy (INR gt 1.5)
  • Trombocytopenia (platelet count lt 50 000/mm³)
  • Infection at the puncture site (decubitus ulcer)
  • - Glasgow lt 13
  • - Shock

25
When should a computerized tomography scan
precede a lumbar puncture ?
  • Age over 60 years
  • Immunocompromised state
  • History of primary neurologic disease, head
    trauma, neurosurgery
  • History of seizure within the past week
  • Altered mental status, cilated or poorly reactive
    pupils, occular palsy and focal neurologic
    abnormalities
  • Papilledema, bradycardia, irregular respiration
  • History of cancer
  • Suspicion of brain abscess (endocarditis,
    bacteremia )
  • Empiric anti infective therapy without delay

26
CSF examination
  • Gram stain - Ziehl - Ink
  • Culture (bacteria, fungi, brucella, nocardia )
  • Bacterial antigens
  • if antibiotherapy
  • Gram or culture negative
  • PCR virus BK
  • Blood culture 60 in acute bacterial
    meningitis

27
CSF characteristics in selected neurologic
conditions
28
  • Purpura, petechia ? N. meningitidis
  • Cellulitis face ? S. aureus
  • H. influ
  • VRS, VRI ? S. pneumoniae
  • H. influ
  • Parotitis ? Mumps
  • Endocarditis ? S. aureus
  • Septic arthritis ? S. pneumoniae
    S. aureus
  • Pregnancy ? Listeria

29
Acute meningitis treatment
  • IV line - blood cultures
  • AB dexa 10 mg within 30 min()
  • LP if no contraindication
  • Chest x-ray
  • Delta scan if needed
  • () S. pneumoniae 4 h
  • N. meningitidis 2 h LCR

30
Antibiotherapy
  • Listeria ampi or CTX
  • S. pneumoniae peni i 10 cef 3 i
    1
  • H. influ ? vaccination

31
Antibiotherapy dosage
  • Penetration - bactericide - CMI
  • Cefotax 2 gr -(4 gr) q 4h (ratio 25)
  • Ceftriaxone 2 gr q 12h (ratio 15 -
    30)
  • Ampi 2 gr q 4h (ratio 10
    - 15)
  • Cefepime (ratio
    10)
  • Ceftazidime (ratio
    20 - 40)
  • Cotrimoxazole (ratio 30
    - 35)

32
Antibiotic therapy in meningitis
  • IV from the beginning to the end
  • Standard therapy
  • 7 days for N. meningitidis
  • 10 - 14 days for S. pneumoniae
  • (14) - 21 days for L. monocytogenes

33
Meningitis child gt 3 months - adults lt 50 yrs
  • Infecting organisms
  • S. pneumoniae
  • N. meningitidis
  • H. influ
  • L. monocytogenes
  • Treatment
  • Cefotaxime ampicilline
  • Ceftriaxone ampicilline

34
Meningitis alcoohol - adults lt 50 yrs Cellular
immune deficiency - Debilitating illness
  • Infecting organisms
  • S. pneumoniae
  • L. monocytogenes
  • N. meningitidis
  • Gram negative bacilli
  • Treatment
  • Cefotaxime ampicilline
  • Ceftriaxone ampicilline

35
Meningitis HIV /AIDS
  • Infecting organisms
  • C. neoformans
  • S. pneumoniae
  • M. tuberculosis
  • L. monocytogenes
  • T. pallidum
  • N. meningitidis
  • HIV

36
Meningitis cerebrospinal fluid shunt
  • Infecting organisms
  • Coag neg staph
  • S. aureus
  • Diphteroids
  • Enterobacteriaceae
  • Treatment
  • Vancomycin cefta

37
Meningitis after cranial or spinal trauma
  • Infecting organisms
  • S. pneumoniae
  • H. influ
  • Treatment
  • Cefotaxime or Ceftriaxone

38
Meningitis after cranial or spinal trauma (gt 4
days)
  • Infecting organisms
  • Enterobacteriaceae
  • S. aureus
  • P. aeruginosa
  • S. pneumoniae
  • Treatment
  • Vancomycin ceftazidime

39
People on the move demographics year 2003
  • 175 million persons live outside of their country
    of origin (2,9) of the world's population
  • Population of concern to UNHCR 21,6 million
  • Refugees 11,7 million
  • Internally displaced persons 20-30 million
  • Rural to urban migration 20-30 million/year
  • 1-2 million migrate permanently every year
  • 700 million tourist arrivals/year

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Malaria risk pyramid for 1 month of travel
without chemoprophylaxis
  • Oceania 15
  • Africa 150
  • South Asia 1250
  • Southeast Asia 12500
  • South America 15000
  • Mexico and Central America 110 000

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Délai dapparition de malaria selon espèce
Schwartz NEJM 2003 349, 1510
50
Malaria en Belgique
Institut de Santé Publique-Louis Pasteur
51
Who dies from travelers malaria ?
  • USA Canada (n 21) Total ()
  • No chemo 21 100
  • Dealy seeking care 1 5
  • Missed by MD 13 62
  • Lab misdiagnosis 9 43
  • Mistreatment 11 52
  • MMWR July 20, 2001 1999
    48SS-1 Kain K et al. CMAJ 2001,
    164654-659

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Toute fièvre au retour des tropiques est une
malaria jusquà preuve du contraire !!
54
Contribution de certaines anomalies biologiques
au diagnostic de la malaria
  • Thrombopénie 60-85
  • Si de plus GB ? N VPP 77 VPN 92
  • Leucopénie ou GB N quasi-constante
  • CRP 100 (mais très peu spécifique)
  • Précoce
  • Très élevé // à parasitémie et à évolution
  • ? VPN très bonne (probable) si CRP N
  • ? LDH (très) sensible 83-100
  • peu spécifique 60
  • ?? haptoglobine ? 90 des cas
  • VPN élevée de taux N
  • Intérêt potentiel couplé à CRP

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Malaria à P. falciparum
  • Règles Vu la provenance essentiellement
    africaine des souches isolées en Belgique
  • Hospitaliser si
  • patient non immun
  • patient immun avec gt 2 GR et/ou critères
    de gravité
  • Préférer un traitement à base de quinine (5j
    2j)si malaria sévère ( doxycycline)

60
  • La parasitémie peut augmenter durant les
    premières 24h de traitement
  • (action sur points limités du cycle qui continue
    à évoluer "malgré" le traitement)
  • ? Résistance R3 est déterminée à 48h (où
    diminution de 75 doit être obtenue)
  • La température peut persister pendant 72-96h
    sans signification péjorative
  • Si haute suspicion de malaria, et GE (-)
  • répéter 3 - 4 x sur 48h

61
Traitement de la malaria à P. falciparum sévère
  • Bihydrochlorate de quinine
  • 500 mg IV (dans 250ml glucosé ED) en 4h/ 3x/j pdt
    3-7j
  • 10 mg/kg (soit 8mg/kg de quinine base) 3x/j chez
    enfant
  • N.B. si origine S. Est Asiatique (ou si malaria
    sévère ?)
  • dose charge 20 mg/kg (donc 1 seule fois)
  • ou (dès que possible/début si pas V? /peu
    critères gravité)
  • Sulfate de quinine 500 mg per os 3x/j pdt 3-7
    jours

62
  • Doxycycline 200 mg/j puis 100 mg/j pdt 6 j
  • ou
  • Clindamycine 600 mg 3-4x/jour pdt 3-7 j
  • (par exemple, si grossesse)

63
Malaria treatment
  • P. falciparum (zone A) - P. vivax, P. ovale ()
  • Day 1 nivaquine 600 mg 300 mg
  • Day 2 300 mg
  • Day 3 300 mg
  • () Primaquine 15 mg q 24 h x 14 days

64
Malaria treatment
  • P. falciparum
  • Malarone P.O 4 x 3 days (food, milky drink)
  • Quinine sulfate 500 mg q 8 h x 3-7 days
  • Doxy 100 mg q 12h x 7 days
  • Quinine I.V. 10-20 mg/kg over 4 h in 5 dextrose
  • Quinine I.V. 10 mg/kg over 4 h q 8 h
  • Doxy 100 mg q 12h or Clinda 10 mg/kg q 8h
  • Qt ! Halofantrine ! Mefloquine 2 weeks

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