Title: SEPSIS - MENINGITIS - MALARIA
1SEPSIS - MENINGITIS - MALARIA
- Pr. B. Vandercam
- Consultation Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales
- Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc
- Octobre 2004
2Sepsis
- Focus
- Absence of focus
- Purpura fulminans
- Community acquired sepsis immunocompentent adult
- Nosocomial sepsis immunocompetent adult
- IV DU
- Asplenic (anatomic or functional)
- Neutropenia
- Toxic shock syndrome
3Working definitions associated with sepsis and
related disorders
4Source of infection
- Anamnesis (pets, travel, household, )
- Physical examination (purpura, scar )
- Blood culture
- Urine culture
- RX thorax
- Echo (scan abdo) obstacle abscess
collection - Echo cardio
5- Activated protein C (- 6 )
- Corticosteroids (low (HC 200-300 mg/day)
- long (5-7d)) - Intensive insuline therapy (- 17)
- Volume resuscitation (- 15)
6Prior medicare database analyses
- MEEHAN T. Jama 1997 2782080 Mortality increased
significantly with delay in first Abx dose gt 8
hrs (registration to dose) - GLEASON PP. Arch Intern Med 1999, 1592562
Mortality based on abx (OR) - Cephalosporin 1.0
- Cephalosporin mac 0.76
- Fluoroquinolone 0.64
7- Method review of Medicare database for patients
gt 65 yrs hospitalized with x-ray confirmed CAP - Period reviewed July 98 - March 99
- Patients 13 771
- PSI score III - 47 IV - 24
8Results
9Skin lesions and systemic infections
10Purpura fulminans treatment
- Cefotaxime 2 gr q 4 - 6 h
- or Ceftriaxone 2 gr q 12 h
- Allergy
- Vanco 1 gr q 12 h Aztreonam 2
gr q 6 h or Moxifloxacin 0,4 gr q 24
h or Levofloxacin 0,5 gr q 12 h
11Community acquired sepsis - immunocompetent
adults
- Infecting organisms
- Enterobacteriacae
- Staph aureus
- Strept pneumoniae spp
- N. meningitidis
- Bacteroides spp
- Treatment
- Cefotaxime or Ceftriaxone
- Amoxi clav or cefurox amino
12IVDU
- Infecting organisms
- Staph aureus
- Exclude endocarditis
- Previous antibiotherapy
- Treatment
- Oxacilline 2 gr q 6 h or Vancomycine 1 gr q 12h
- Genta 2,5 mg/kg q 12 h
13Asplenia
- Overwhelming sepsis
- Stand by therapy
- Amoxi clav
- Allergy, travel --gt Moxifloxacin, Levofloxacin
- Vaccination
- Antibioprophylaxis
14Asplenia sepsis
- Infecting organisms
- S. pneumoniae
- H. influenzae
- N. meningitidis
- Capnocytophaga spp
- Treatment
- Ceftriaxone or Cefotaxime
15Nosocomial sepsis - immunocompetent adult
- Infecting organisms
- Enterobacteriacae
- S. aureus
- Strep pneumoniae
- Bacteroïdes spp
- P. aeruginosa
- CNS
- readmission - nursing home
16Nosocomial sepsis
- Local epidemiology
- Colonization
- Previous antibiotherapy
- IV line
- Urinary catheter
- Invasive procedure
17Treatment
- Vancomycin ?
- Cefotaxime or Ceftriaxone or Pip/tazo
- amino
- Ceftazidime or Cefepime or Carbapenem
amino
18Sepsis neutropenia
- Infecting organisms
- Strepto spp
- CNS
- S. aureus
- Enterobacteriacae
- P. aeruginosa
- Colonization
- Previous antibiotherapy
19Neutropenia Low risk
- Amoxi clav 2 gr q 6-8 h
- Cipro 750 q 12 h OR
- Ceftriaxone 2 gr q 12 h
- Amikacin 15-25 mg/kg q 24 h
20Neutropenia High risk
- Ceftazidime 2 gr q 8 h
- Cefepime 2 gr q 8 h
- Pip/tazo 4 gr q 6 h
- Imipenem 750 mg q 6 h
- Meropenem 2 gr q 8 h
- amino ???
21Toxic shock syndrome
- Infecting organisms
- Strepto A, B, C,
- Staph aureus
- Treatment
- Cefazoline 2 gr q 8 h Clindamycine 600 mg q 8 h
22Clinical diagnosis
- Fever sensitivity 85
- Menigism 70
- Altered mental status 60
- Kernig
- Sensitivity 5
- Specificity 95
- Poser la question y répondre
23Case presentation
- 25-year-old man
- 2-day history of severe headache, fever, neck
stiffness - 38,3 C
- No rash
- Normal mental status and neurologic examination
- Pain on neck flexion but able to flex his neck
fully - No Kernig and Brudzinski signs
24Contraindications of lumbar puncture
- Known or suspected space-occupying lesions with
mass effect - ? LP deferred until CT scan
- Severe uncorrected coagulopathy (INR gt 1.5)
- Trombocytopenia (platelet count lt 50 000/mm³)
- Infection at the puncture site (decubitus ulcer)
- - Glasgow lt 13
- - Shock
25When should a computerized tomography scan
precede a lumbar puncture ?
- Age over 60 years
- Immunocompromised state
- History of primary neurologic disease, head
trauma, neurosurgery - History of seizure within the past week
- Altered mental status, cilated or poorly reactive
pupils, occular palsy and focal neurologic
abnormalities - Papilledema, bradycardia, irregular respiration
- History of cancer
- Suspicion of brain abscess (endocarditis,
bacteremia ) - Empiric anti infective therapy without delay
26CSF examination
- Gram stain - Ziehl - Ink
- Culture (bacteria, fungi, brucella, nocardia )
- Bacterial antigens
- if antibiotherapy
- Gram or culture negative
- PCR virus BK
- Blood culture 60 in acute bacterial
meningitis
27CSF characteristics in selected neurologic
conditions
28- Purpura, petechia ? N. meningitidis
- Cellulitis face ? S. aureus
- H. influ
- VRS, VRI ? S. pneumoniae
- H. influ
- Parotitis ? Mumps
- Endocarditis ? S. aureus
- Septic arthritis ? S. pneumoniae
S. aureus - Pregnancy ? Listeria
29Acute meningitis treatment
- IV line - blood cultures
- AB dexa 10 mg within 30 min()
- LP if no contraindication
- Chest x-ray
- Delta scan if needed
- () S. pneumoniae 4 h
- N. meningitidis 2 h LCR
30Antibiotherapy
- Listeria ampi or CTX
- S. pneumoniae peni i 10 cef 3 i
1 - H. influ ? vaccination
31Antibiotherapy dosage
- Penetration - bactericide - CMI
-
- Cefotax 2 gr -(4 gr) q 4h (ratio 25)
- Ceftriaxone 2 gr q 12h (ratio 15 -
30) - Ampi 2 gr q 4h (ratio 10
- 15) - Cefepime (ratio
10) - Ceftazidime (ratio
20 - 40) - Cotrimoxazole (ratio 30
- 35)
32Antibiotic therapy in meningitis
- IV from the beginning to the end
- Standard therapy
- 7 days for N. meningitidis
- 10 - 14 days for S. pneumoniae
- (14) - 21 days for L. monocytogenes
33Meningitis child gt 3 months - adults lt 50 yrs
-
- Infecting organisms
- S. pneumoniae
- N. meningitidis
- H. influ
- L. monocytogenes
- Treatment
- Cefotaxime ampicilline
- Ceftriaxone ampicilline
34Meningitis alcoohol - adults lt 50 yrs Cellular
immune deficiency - Debilitating illness
- Infecting organisms
- S. pneumoniae
- L. monocytogenes
- N. meningitidis
- Gram negative bacilli
- Treatment
- Cefotaxime ampicilline
- Ceftriaxone ampicilline
35Meningitis HIV /AIDS
- Infecting organisms
- C. neoformans
- S. pneumoniae
- M. tuberculosis
- L. monocytogenes
- T. pallidum
- N. meningitidis
- HIV
36Meningitis cerebrospinal fluid shunt
- Infecting organisms
- Coag neg staph
- S. aureus
- Diphteroids
- Enterobacteriaceae
- Treatment
- Vancomycin cefta
37Meningitis after cranial or spinal trauma
- Infecting organisms
- S. pneumoniae
- H. influ
- Treatment
- Cefotaxime or Ceftriaxone
38Meningitis after cranial or spinal trauma (gt 4
days)
- Infecting organisms
- Enterobacteriaceae
- S. aureus
- P. aeruginosa
- S. pneumoniae
- Treatment
- Vancomycin ceftazidime
39People on the move demographics year 2003
- 175 million persons live outside of their country
of origin (2,9) of the world's population - Population of concern to UNHCR 21,6 million
- Refugees 11,7 million
- Internally displaced persons 20-30 million
- Rural to urban migration 20-30 million/year
- 1-2 million migrate permanently every year
- 700 million tourist arrivals/year
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45Malaria risk pyramid for 1 month of travel
without chemoprophylaxis
- Oceania 15
- Africa 150
- South Asia 1250
- Southeast Asia 12500
- South America 15000
- Mexico and Central America 110 000
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49Délai dapparition de malaria selon espèce
Schwartz NEJM 2003 349, 1510
50Malaria en Belgique
Institut de Santé Publique-Louis Pasteur
51Who dies from travelers malaria ?
- USA Canada (n 21) Total ()
- No chemo 21 100
- Dealy seeking care 1 5
- Missed by MD 13 62
- Lab misdiagnosis 9 43
- Mistreatment 11 52
- MMWR July 20, 2001 1999
48SS-1 Kain K et al. CMAJ 2001,
164654-659
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53Toute fièvre au retour des tropiques est une
malaria jusquà preuve du contraire !!
54Contribution de certaines anomalies biologiques
au diagnostic de la malaria
- Thrombopénie 60-85
- Si de plus GB ? N VPP 77 VPN 92
- Leucopénie ou GB N quasi-constante
- CRP 100 (mais très peu spécifique)
- Précoce
- Très élevé // à parasitémie et à évolution
- ? VPN très bonne (probable) si CRP N
- ? LDH (très) sensible 83-100
- peu spécifique 60
- ?? haptoglobine ? 90 des cas
- VPN élevée de taux N
- Intérêt potentiel couplé à CRP
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59Malaria à P. falciparum
- Règles Vu la provenance essentiellement
africaine des souches isolées en Belgique - Hospitaliser si
- patient non immun
- patient immun avec gt 2 GR et/ou critères
de gravité -
- Préférer un traitement à base de quinine (5j
2j)si malaria sévère ( doxycycline)
60- La parasitémie peut augmenter durant les
premières 24h de traitement - (action sur points limités du cycle qui continue
à évoluer "malgré" le traitement) - ? Résistance R3 est déterminée à 48h (où
diminution de 75 doit être obtenue) - La température peut persister pendant 72-96h
sans signification péjorative - Si haute suspicion de malaria, et GE (-)
- répéter 3 - 4 x sur 48h
61Traitement de la malaria à P. falciparum sévère
- Bihydrochlorate de quinine
- 500 mg IV (dans 250ml glucosé ED) en 4h/ 3x/j pdt
3-7j - 10 mg/kg (soit 8mg/kg de quinine base) 3x/j chez
enfant - N.B. si origine S. Est Asiatique (ou si malaria
sévère ?) - dose charge 20 mg/kg (donc 1 seule fois)
- ou (dès que possible/début si pas V? /peu
critères gravité) - Sulfate de quinine 500 mg per os 3x/j pdt 3-7
jours
62-
- Doxycycline 200 mg/j puis 100 mg/j pdt 6 j
- ou
- Clindamycine 600 mg 3-4x/jour pdt 3-7 j
- (par exemple, si grossesse)
63Malaria treatment
- P. falciparum (zone A) - P. vivax, P. ovale ()
- Day 1 nivaquine 600 mg 300 mg
- Day 2 300 mg
- Day 3 300 mg
- () Primaquine 15 mg q 24 h x 14 days
64Malaria treatment
- P. falciparum
- Malarone P.O 4 x 3 days (food, milky drink)
- Quinine sulfate 500 mg q 8 h x 3-7 days
- Doxy 100 mg q 12h x 7 days
- Quinine I.V. 10-20 mg/kg over 4 h in 5 dextrose
- Quinine I.V. 10 mg/kg over 4 h q 8 h
- Doxy 100 mg q 12h or Clinda 10 mg/kg q 8h
- Qt ! Halofantrine ! Mefloquine 2 weeks
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