Psychological Disorders

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Psychological Disorders
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• What is a Psychological Disorder?

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• The World of Psychological Disorders

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Psychological Disorders

• are harmful dysfunctions in which behavior is
  judged to be atypical, disturbing, maladaptive,
  and/or unjustifiable

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Atypical

• is abnormal being different from most other
  people in ones culture

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Disturbing

• means that a behavior goes against the standards
  of acceptable behavior, is unnerving, grotesque,
  or otherwise disruptive to a generally acceptable
  level of comfort.

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Maladaptiveness

• indicates that the behaviors are distressing or
  disabling or puts one at a greatly increased risk
  of suffering or death

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Unjustifiable

• means that certain behaviors are irrational, or
  that a behavior lacks any mental clarity or reason

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• What is the nature of Psychological Disorders and
  their causes?

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Biological Model (Medical Model)

• Abnormal behaviors are caused by physiological
  malfunctions IE. a failure of the central
  nervous system, an improperly working endocrine
  system, an abnormal flow of a specific hormone,
  genetic factors, brain damage

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• Brain Trauma

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Psychoanalytical Model

• Abnormal behaviors are symbolic expressions of
  unconscious, internal conflicts, often associated
  with early childhood IE. A fear of open water
  due to almost drowning as a child, obsessions
  with women who remind you of the mother who
  abandoned you, serial violence against
  homosexuals based on your own internal
  orientation conflicts

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Behavioral Model

• Abnormal behavior is the result of learned
  behavior IE. you are a psychopathic killer
  because you watched violent programming on
  tv.you obsessively clean the house because Mom
  obsessively cleaned the house

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Diathesis-Stress Model (Bio-Psycho-Social
Perspective)

• Abnormal behavior is caused when prone
  individuals who otherwise may not exhibit
  symptoms are put into stressful situations and
  then exhibit symptoms

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• IE. You may occasionally be stressed, or drink a
  bit or a have trouble sleeping, but then your
  house burns down, your ID is stolen online, your
  bank accounts are emptied, your wife leaves
  youthus you snap. An anxiety disorder
  emerges, a substance abuse disorder emerges, a
  sleep disorder emerges.

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• Classifying Psychological Disorders

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• There are 16 categories of Psychological
  Disorders, as specified in the DSM-IV TR the
  American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic
  and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

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Insanity

• This is a LEGAL definition only, whereas a person
  is unable to determine between right wrong or
  understand consequences due to metal illness

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• The Mentally Ill and Prison

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• Anxiety Disorders

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• Anxiety Disorders

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Anxiety Disorders

• Any disorders characterized by an intensely
  distressing, persistent stress, or maladaptive
  behaviors that reduce stress
• Anxiety Overview

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder

• A person is continually tense, apprehensive, and
  in a state of autonomic system arousal

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• Dizziness
• Sweaty Palms
• Heart Palpitations
• Ringing in the Ears
• Edgy and Shaky
• Unfocused and Out-of-Control Negative Feelings
• Worried constantly about bad things that may
  happen
• Twitchiness and/or trembling

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Panic Disorder

• Sufferers have acute episodes of intense anxiety
  without any apparent provocation

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Obsessive-Control Disorder

• Characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts
  (obsessions) or actions (compulsions)
• Checking to see if a door is locked is normal.
  Doing it 30 times or I will die is not.
  Washing your hands is normal. Washing them until
  your hands are raw so that all of the germs are
  gone is not.

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• Living with an Anxiety Disorder
• AE Series Obsessed

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Phobias

• Marked by persistent, irrational fears and
  avoidance of a specific object or situation
• Some phobias are so intense that they are
  incapacitating

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Common and Uncommon Fears
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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

• Usually involves flashbacks or nightmares
  following a persons involvement in or
  observation of an extremely troubling event, such
  as a war or a natural disaster

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• Dissociative Disorders

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Dissociative Disorders

• Involve disturbances in a persons consciousness,
  memories, identity, and perception of the
  environment

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Dissociative Identity Disorder

• A person has two or more distinct personalities
  that alternate in their control of the persons
  behavior

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Amnesia

• Loss or impairment of memory.
• Amnesia with a physical cause is called organic
  amnesia, whereas amnesia of psychological origin
  is called functional amnesia

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• Three Faces of Eve - Dissociative Identity
  Disorder
• Dissociative Identity Disorder

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• Eating Disorders

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• Eating Disorders

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Eating Disorders

• Conditions in which an individual experiences
  severe disturbances in eating behaviors

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• Anorexia is essentially a form of self-starvation
  in order to lose weight, Bulimics partake in
  binge and purge behaviors in order to maintain
  body weight

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• Anorexia
• Bulimia

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• Impulse-Control Disorders

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• Impulse control disorders involve the loss or
  lack of control in certain specific situations.
  The hallmark of these disorders is the
  individual's inability to stop impulses that may
  cause harm to themselves or others. Affected
  individuals often feel anxiety or tension in
  considering these behaviors. This anxiety or
  tension is relieved or diminished once the action
  is performed.

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• Kleptomania compulsive stealing
• Pyromania setting fires
• Trichotillomania compulsive hair pulling
• Dermatillomania compulsive skin picking
• Intermittent Explosive Disorder aggressive
  outbursts

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• My Strange Addictions
• Trichotillomania
• Hoarding Behaviors
• AE Series Hoarders

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• Mood Disorders

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Mood Disorders

• Also called affective disorders, create
  disturbances in a persons emotional life

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Major Depression

• Symptoms may include feelings of sadness,
  hopelessness, and worthlessness, as well as
  complaints of physical pain and changes in
  appetite, sleep patterns, and energy level. The
  length of time of the depression is a key also.

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Mania

• An individual has an abnormally elevated mood,
  often marked by exaggerated self-importance,
  irritability, agitation, and decreased sleep

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Bipolar Disorder

• Also called manic-depressive illness, a persons
  mood alternates between extremes of mania and
  depression

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• Bipolar Overview
• Bipolar, A Dangerous Diagnosis
• Demi Lovato, Bipolar and Eating Disorders
• Mania and Depression

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• Personality Disorders

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Personality Disorders

• Maladaptive ways of behaving that negatively
  affect a persons ability to function in society.

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Narcissistic Personality

• A grandiose sense of self-importance. They seek
  excessive admiration from others and fantasize
  about unlimited success or power. They believe
  they are special, unique, or superior to others.

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• Paranoid personality disorder is characterized by
  irrational suspicions and mistrust of others.
• Avoidant personality disorder is characterized by
  social inhibitions, feelings of inadequacy,
  extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation, and
  exaggerated emotions.

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Antisocial Personality Disorder

• Acting in a way that disregards the feelings and
  rights of other people. Antisocial personalities
  often break the law, and they may use or exploit
  other people for their own gain. They may lie
  repeatedly, act impulsively, and get into
  physical fights. They may even kill other people.
  

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• Anti-Social Personality Disorder Interview
• Teen Murderer
• Bullying Behaviors
• In the Mind of a Psychopath

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• Schizophrenia

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• Schizophrenia Overview
• Childhood Schizophrenia
• Treating Schizophrenia Part I
• Treating Schizophrenia Part II
• A Brilliant Madness

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• Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, and disabling
  brain disease
• People with schizophrenia often suffer terrifying
  symptoms such as
• hearing internal voices not heard by others
• believing that other people are reading their
  minds, controlling their thoughts, or plotting to
  harm them.
• speech and behavior can be so disorganized that
  they may be incomprehensible or frightening

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Causes of Schizophrenia?

• It has long been known that schizophrenia runs in
  families. A child whose parent has schizophrenia
  has about a 10 percent chance. By comparison, the
  risk of schizophrenia in the general population
  is about 1 percent. The strongest evidence to
  date leads to chromosomes 13 and 6 but remains
  unconfirmed.

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• It is likely, although not yet certain, that the
  disorder is associated with some imbalance of the
  complex, interrelated chemical systems of the
  brain, involving the presence of excessive
  amounts of the neurotransmitters dopamine

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Hallucinations

• Perceptions that occur without connection to an
  appropriate source hearing voices that other
  people do not hear is the most common type of
  hallucination in schizophrenia
• Voices may describe the patients activities,
  carry on a conversation, warn of impending
  dangers, or even issue orders to the individual.

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Delusions

• False personal beliefs that are not subject to
  reason or contradictory evidence
• patients suffering from paranoid-type symptoms
  often have delusions of persecution, or false and
  irrational beliefs that they are being cheated,
  harassed, poisoned, or conspired against.
• In addition, delusions of grandeur, in which a
  person may believe he or she is a famous or
  important figure, may occur in schizophrenia

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Disorganized Thinking

• Schizophrenia often affects a persons ability to
  think straight. Thoughts may come and go rapidly
  the person may not be able to concentrate on one
  thought for very long and may be easily
  distracted, unable to focus attention.
• People with schizophrenia may not be able to sort
  out what is relevant and what is not relevant to
  a situation. The person may be unable to connect
  thoughts into logical sequences, with thoughts
  becoming disorganized and fragmented.

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Inappropriate Effect

• expressing improper emotions, related to the
  environmental context they are presented in, or
• a person with schizophrenia may not show the
  signs of normal emotion, perhaps may speak in a
  monotonous voice, have diminished facial
  expressions, and appear extremely apathetic

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• Schizophrenia Part 1 - ABC 20/20 coverage
• Schizophrenia Part 2 - ABC 20/20 coverage

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• Sleep Disorders
• Sleep Disorders Overview

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• Affect normal sleep patterns. They may include
  Insomnia (lack of sleep), Apnea (stop breathing),
  and Narcolepsy (excessive daytime sleepiness).

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• Sleep Disorders Overview
• Living with Sleep Apnea
• Waking Up from Narcolepsy

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• Sexual Disorders

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• Strange Sexual Disorders

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Men

• Erectile dysfunction (impotence) refers to the
  inability of a man to have or maintain an
  erection. Premature ejaculation occurs when a man
  is not able to postpone or control his
  ejaculation. Inhibited male orgasm, or retarded
  ejaculation, occurs when a man cannot have an
  orgasm despite being highly aroused.

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Women

• Female orgasmic dysfunction (anorgasmia, or
  inhibited female orgasm) refers to the inability
  of a woman to have an orgasm. Vaginismus refers
  to a spastic contraction of the outer third of
  the vagina, a condition that can close the
  entrance of the vagina, preventing intercourse.

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PARAPHILIAS INCLUDE FANTASIES, BEHAVIORS, OR
SEXUAL URGES FOCUSING ON UNUSUAL OBJECTS,
ACTIVITIES, OR SITUATIONS
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TYPES OF PARAPHILIAS
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EXHIBITIONISM

• SEXUALLY EXPOSING ONESELF (GENITALS) TO OTHERS

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FETISHISM

• SEXUAL URGES AND BEHAVIORS ASSOCIATED WITH
  NON-LIVING OBJECTS

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Specific Fetishes

• Agriozoophilia wild animals
• Alektorophilia chickens
• Anthophilia flowers
• Autodysomophilia bad smells
• Bibliophilia books
• Chaetophilia hair
• Coimetrophilia cemeteries
• Coprophilia feces

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Specific Fetishes

• Daimonophilia ghosts
• Didaskaleinophilia school
• Dontophilia teeth
• Ecclesiophilia church
• Emetophilia vomit
• Epistaxiophilia nosebleeds
• Geniophilia chins
• Gerontophilia old people
• Heliophilia sun

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Specific Fetishes

• Hoplophilia guns
• Ichthyophilia fish
• Lachanophilia vegetables
• Leprophilia leprosy
• Lutraphilia otters
• Melophilia music
• Necrophilia dead
• Nephophilia clouds

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Specific Fetishes

• Nosophilia terminal illness
• Ombrophilia rain
• Ophidiophilia snakes
• Peladophilia baldness
• Pogophilia beards
• Thassophilia sitting
• Urophilia urine

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FROTTEURISM

• SEXUAL URGES RELATED TO TOUCHING OR RUBBING
  AGAINST UN-SUSPECTING, NON-CONSENTING, AND
  UNFAMILIAR PEOPLE OF THE OPPOSITE SEX

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MASOCHISM

• SEXUAL PLEASURE DERIVED FROM BEING HURT OR
  HUMILIATED VERBALLY AND/OR PHYSICALLY

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SADISM

• SEXUAL PLEASURE DERIVED FROM MISTREATING OTHERS

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TRANSVESTITISM

• CROSS-DRESSING

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VOYEURISM

• SEXUAL PLEASURE IS DERIVED FROM SECRETLY
  OBSERVING OTHERS

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• Somatoform Disorders

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Somatoform Disorders

• Characterized by the presence of physical
  symptoms that cannot be explained by a medical
  condition or another mental illness

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• Somatoform disorder is a condition in which the
  physical pain and symptoms a person feels are
  related to psychological factors. These symptoms
  can not be traced to a specific physical cause.
• Their symptoms are similar to the symptoms of
  other illnesses and may last for several years.
  People who have somatoform disorder are not
  faking their symptoms. The pain that they feel is
  real.

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• Hypochondriasis refers to an excessive
  preoccupation or worry about having a serious
  illness. Hypochondria is often characterized by
  fears that minor bodily symptoms may indicate a
  serious illness, constant self-examination and
  self-diagnosis, and a preoccupation with one's
  body.

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Conversion Disorder

• Patients present with symptoms such as numbness,
  paralysis, blindness, etc. The diagnosis of
  conversion disorder involves three elements - the
  exclusion of neurological disease, the exclusion
  of feigning, and the determination of a
  psychological mechanism.

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Body Dysmorphic Disorder

• A preoccupation with an imagined or minor defect
  in appearance which causes clinically significant
  distress or impairment in social, occupational,
  or other important areas of functioning.
• The disorder generally is diagnosed in those who
  are extremely critical of their physique or
  self-image even though there may be no noticeable
  disfigurement or defect, or a minor defect which
  is not recognized by most people. Too Ugly To
  Live - Part 1

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• Substance-Related Disorders
• Substance Abuse Disorders

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Substance-Related Disorders

• Result from the abuse of drugs, side effects of
  medications, or exposure to toxic substances

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• Adjustment Disorders

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Adjustment Disorders

• An inability or maladaptive reaction to an
  identifiable stressful life event/ stressor
  (divorce,  death, a family move, etc.). Symptoms
  must occur within three months of the
  event/stressor and persisted for no longer than
  six months. Usually includes depression,
  withdrawal, or a rebellion against society,
  family, or the law.

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• Cognitive Disorders

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Cognitive Disorders

• Such as delirium and dementia, involve a
  significant loss of mental functioning

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Dementia

• Characterized by impaired memory and difficulties
  in such functions as speaking, abstract thinking,
  and the ability to identify familiar objects. The
  conditions in this category usually result from a
  medical condition, substance abuse, or adverse
  reactions to medication or poisonous substances

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• Disorders usually first diagnosed in Infancy,
  Childhood, or Adolescence

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Childhood Disorders

• Disorders that are generally diagnosed in
  children through the age of 18

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Autism

• Most commonly characterized by non-normal social
  attachments, withdrawal, echolalia (repeat word
  patterns), strange motor behaviors, and those
  affected are often mentally retarded

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• Autism Genes
• Detecting Autism

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• Factitious Disorders

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Factitious Disorders

• Intentionally producing or faking physical or
  psychological symptoms in order to receive
  medical attention and care. For example, an
  individual might falsely report shortness of
  breath to gain admittance to a hospital, report
  thoughts of suicide to solicit attention, or
  fabricate blood in the urine or the symptoms of
  rash so as to appear ill.

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• Mental Disorders Due to a General Medical
  Condition

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General Mental Disorders

• Diagnosed when there is evidence they are caused
  by the specified medical conditions
• IE. A coma caused by a bad food reaction, a
  change in personality or mood due to a hormonal
  change in the body