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April 14

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April 14 Define supply-side economics. Russian Republic Yeltsin resigns from CPSU in summer of 1990 and thousands of Russians follow him. 1990 is the beginning of a ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: April 14


1
April 14Define supply-side economics.
2
End of the Cold War
  • 1979-1991

3
IB Objectives
  • End of the Soviet Union

4
IB Sample Questions
  • Evaluate the role of one superpower in the Cold
    War after 1970.
  • To what extent did economic problems in the
    Communist bloc bring about the end of the Cold
    War?
  • When and why did the Cold War end?

5
Key Terms
  • Mikhail Gorbachev
  • Lech Walesa
  • SDI
  • INF Treaty
  • Perestroika
  • Glasnost
  • Congress of Peoples Deputies
  • Boris Yeltsin

6
Lecture Outline
  • I. Mikhail Gorbachev
  • II. Poland and Afghanistan
  • III. Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe
  • IV. Gorbachevs reforms
  • V. The Collapse of the Soviet Union

7
Mikhail Gorbachev
  • Was born in 1931
  • Became a provincial party chief in 1970.
  • In 1978 he became the CPSUs Secretary of
    Agriculture.
  • Became the Communist Partys Chairman in March
    1985.

8
Reagan
  • Took office in 1981
  • Soviet Union is the focus of evil in modern
    world.
  • First 3 yrs in office, he increased defense
    spending, adjusted inflation by 40, and
    abandoned Carters human rights policy.

9
Poland
  • In 1981 the Soviet Union forced the Polish army
    to impose martial law in order to crush
    Solidarity, a trade union under the leadership of
    Lech Walesa.

10
What caused the fall of Communism in Eastern
Europe?
  • 4 decades of containment by NATO
  • The burden of the arms race
  • The people of Eastern Europes refusal to abandon
    their hopes for freedom
  • Communism as practiced by the Russians was an
    awful system.

11
Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe
  • In January 1989 Gorbachev reduced the Soviet
    military by 14.
  • The Estonian legislature voted to give Estonian
    preference over Russian as the official language.
  • In April 1989 the Polish government signed an
    agreement with Solidarity make it legal and
    setting open national elections for June.

12
Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe
  • In June 1989 Gorbachev effectively put an end to
    the Brezhnev doctrine.
  • In August 1989 Solidarity won 99 out of 100 seats
    they were allowed to contest and a Solidarity
    leader became Prime Minister.
  • In November 1989 anti-Communist dissident Vaclav
    Havel came out of prison and soon was elected
    president of Czechoslovakia.

13
Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe
  • On November 9, 1989 the East German government
    announced that it is now possible for all
    citizens to leave this country through East
    German crossing points.
  • Within hours, tens of thousands of East Germans
    and West Berliners began tearing down the Berlin
    Wall.

14
Fall of the Berlin Wall
15
Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe
  • President Bush and Gorbachev met at Camp David
    and agreed to reduce the number of their
    long-range nuclear weapons by 30 and their
    chemical weapons stockpile by 80.
  • In 1991 the Warsaw Pact was dissolved.

16
Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe
  • In March 1990 the parliament of Lithuania voted
    to secede from the Soviet Union and the Estonian
    and Latvian parliaments declared transitional
    periods to independence.

17
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
  • Nov. 1985 Gorbachev and Reagan attend first
    summit meeting together.
  • Reagan earlier had called for a 50 reduction in
    nuclear weapons and an expanded SDI, a missile
    defense program that would end the ABM treaty and
    cause the US and USSR to greatly increase defense
    expenditures.
  • Reagan refused to back down and no agreement was
    made.

18
Intermediate Range Nuclear Force (INF) Treaty
  • When Gorbachev took over, Soviet military
    expenditures accounted for 20-30 of the Soviet
    GDP (at the peak of the Reagan defense buildup,
    US defense spending was 6.5 of the US GDP.
  • In December 1987, in Washington D.C., Reagan and
    Gorbachev signed the INF Treaty, which called for
    the destruction of all short and medium range
    nuclear-tipped missiles.
  • It was a breakthrough because it actually
    provided for the elimination of major weapons
    systems and it significantly reduced tensions in
    Europe.

19
Afghanistan
  • Gorbachev allocated more money to defense, and
    authorized an offensive to break the stalemate of
    the Afghanistan War.
  • 50,000 Soviet casualties
  • In April 1988, Gorbachev ordered a phased Soviet
    withdrawal from Afghanistan that was completed in
    February 1989.
  • First time in 33 years that the Red Army had
    pulled back from anywhere.

20
Soviet Economy
  • By the end of the 1980s the entire Soviet Union
    had just 200,000 desktop computers while the US
    had 25 million.

21
Perestroika
  • Gorbachev relaxed central controls of the economy
    while keeping state ownership and oversight of
    the economic system.
  • Begins in 1986 with market-like reforms.
  • Legalizes certain kinds of co-operatives and
    people begin to open privately owned restaurants.
  • 1987Legalizes foreign investment but not
    ownership. Decentralizes economic planning.
    Shifts to local levels.

22
Effects of Perestroika
  • Economy gets worse.
  • Creates party resistance which results in many of
    the reforms not be enacted.
  • Gorbachev begins to attack bureaucrats and party
    conservatives which results in him creating
    glasnost.

23
Glasnost
  • In April 1986 the worlds worst nuclear disaster
    took place at Chernobyl.
  • The denials by Soviet officials forced openness
    or glasnost.

24
Glasnost
  • During 1986-87, the Soviet media set out to
    demonstrate a necessity for change by publicizing
    many previously forbidden topics.
  • People viewed it as more party propaganda not
    openness.

25
Glasnost
  • Gorbachev wanted openness in the Communist Party
    not the public.
  • Was concentrated mostly in Moscow and Leningrad
  • New publications emerged, including uncensored
    newspapers.

26
Glasnost
  • Banned books were now available.
  • Many people were learning about Soviet tragedies
    such as Stalins actions, pollution, nuclear
    power and waste including Chernobyl for the first
    time.
  • Began to learn of the standard of living in
    Europe and the US which resulted in people
    feeling that there country was uncivilized.

27
Glasnost
  • Allowed for freedom of assembly which allowed for
    the creation of political groups who aimed to
    reform the USSR.
  • After Glasnost the old system was rejected by
    most of the citizens of the Soviet Union.
  • Most people under 301/4 of the Soviet
    populationwere simply not interested in
    reforming Communism.

28
Congress of Peoples Deputies
  • In July 1988 Gorbachev attempted to decentralize
    the authority of the Partys Central Committee by
    authorizing open elections for a new body, a
    Congress of Peoples Deputies (CPD), which would
    in turn choose representatives to the USSR
    Supreme Soviet, or parliament.

29
CPD
  • 2,250 deputies
  • Divided into groups of 750 from territories,
    ethnic regions, and party chosen.
  • 2/3 were elected. 1/3 chosen
  • Nominations, registration, and campaigning began
    in 1989
  • Voting occurs March 26, 1989 90 turnout
  • Boris Yeltsin, Gorbachevs protégé, became the
    representative from Moscow.

30
CPD
  • Meets for the first time on May 25, 1989
  • The election process shows how inept the
    Communist Party (CPSU) was.
  • Party officials losing elections was humiliating
    and made the CPSU lose legitimacy and confidence.

31
Constitutional Reforms
  • 1990
  • Creates office of the President who is elected by
    the CPD
  • Removal of Article 6 which gives the CPSU the
    leading role

32
Russian Republic CPD
  • Holds elections in 1990.
  • Results 1/3 Democratic Russians, 1/3 CPSU
    deputies 1/3 independent deputies.
  • First meets in May 1990
  • Boris Yeltsin become chairman of Russian CPD and
    he wants to write a new constitution and create a
    Russian president.

33
Russian Republic CPD
  • Begins to pass laws that contradict USSR CPD
    which results in a conflict.
  • Yeltsin passes a law that gives the Russian
    Republic economic sovereignty which results in
    other republics doing the same. All of this
    results in the economy ceasing to function.

34
Russian Republic
  • Yeltsin resigns from CPSU in summer of 1990 and
    thousands of Russians follow him.
  • 1990 is the beginning of a depression in Russia
    that lasts 10 years.
  • Gorbachev is blamed for everything
  • Fall 1990 Gorbachev turns to the right and away
    from reform in order to keep his job.

35
End of Reform
  • Jan 1991 Soviet CPD made censorship legal again.
  • April 1991 Russian presidency is created.
  • April 1991 Gorbachev calls for the creation of a
    Union Treaty which would give more power to the
    leaders of the republics. This threatens the
    national institutions. Conservatives begin to
    plan a coup.
  • Yeltsin is elected Russian president in June 1991.

36
The Collapse of the Soviet Union
  • In August 1991, reactionaries in the Red Army and
    the Communist Party staged a coup against
    Gorbachev. Begins August 18, public becomes aware
    Aug. 19 and it ends Aug. 21.
  • In Moscow, Russian President Boris Yeltsin called
    for a general strike and resistance to the coup
    on Aug. 20 after receiving a note of support from
    Pres. Bush.
  • The coup collapsed in 3 days.

37
Collapse of the Soviet Union
  • Coup bestowed an incredible amount of legitimacy
    on Yeltsin.
  • Gorbachev returns but is discredited.
  • Yeltsin passes a decree that makes the Soviet
    CPSU illegal.
  • December 25, 1991 Gorbachev signs over control of
    the nuclear arsenal to Yeltsin which is a
    symbolic end of the USSR.

38
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