The Structure and Function of the Skeletal System

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The Structure and Function of the Skeletal System
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Objectives

• Describe the structure and function of the
  skeletal system
• Describe the different classifications of joints
• Identify the location of the major muscles of the
  human body

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Structure of the Skeletal System

• The skeletal system is made up of bones,
• cartilage and joints.
• Its important you know how the structure and
• function of the skeletal system contribute to the
• vast range of motion required to participate
  within
• Sport.

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Task

• Labelling a skeleton

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The Skeleton

• It provides a framework that supports your
• muscles and skin and protects your internal
• organs. It is made up of 206 bones, which
• are divided into two groups
• 80 form your axial skeleton
• the long axis of your body
• 126 form your appendicular skeleton
• the bones that are attached to the axis.

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Axial Skeleton

• This forms the main axis or core of your skeletal
  system and consists of the
• A skull (cranium and facial bones)

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Axial Skeleton Continued

• B thorax (sternum and ribs)

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Axial Skeleton Continued

• C vertebral column

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Appendicular Skeleton

• This consists of the following parts
• A 60 bones from the upper limbs. Each upper limb
  is made
• up of 1 humerus,
• 1 radius, 1 ulna,
• 8 carpals,
• 5 metacarpals and
• 14 phalanges

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Appendicular Skeleton Continued

• B 60 bones from the lower limbs. Each lower limb
  is made up of 1 femur (thigh bone), 1 tibia (shin
  bone), 1 fibula, 1 patella (kneecap), 7 tarsals,
  5 metatarsals and 14 phalanges.
• These bones are designed
• for weight-bearing,
• locomotion and
• maintaining an upright posture.
• They need to have
• a higher degree of
• strength and stability
• than the bones of the
• upper limbs.

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Appendicular Skeleton continued

• C The shoulder girdle consists of 4 bones 2
  clavicles and 2 scapulae which connect the
  limbs of the upper body to the thorax

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Appendicular Skeleton Continued

• D The pelvic girdle is made up of 3 bones the
  ilium, pubis and ischium. These bones fuse
  together with age. The principal function of the
  pelvic girdle is to provide a solid base through
  which to transmit the weight of the upper body.
  It also provides attachment for the powerful
  muscles of the lower back and legs, and protects
  the digestive and reproductive organs.

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Types of Major Bone

• Long Bones found in
• limbs. They have a shaft
• known as the diaphysis
• and two expanded ends
• known as the epiphysis.

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Types of Major Bone

• Short Bones small, light, strong, cube-shaped
  bones consisting of cancellous bone surrounded by
  a thin layer of compact bone. The carpals
  and tarsals of the wrist and ankles are
  examples of short bones.

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Types of Major Bone

• Flat Bones are thin,
• flattened and slightly
• curved. They have a large
• surface area. Examples
• include the scapulae,
• sternum and cranium.

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Types of Major Bone

• Sesamoid Bones have a specialised function.
  They are usually found within a tendon such as
  the patella in the knee.
• Irregular Bones have complex shapes that fit
  none of the above categories. i.e. The bones of
  the spine.

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Activity 1

• A fitness instructor regularly draws on
  anatomical
• knowledge to design and develop fitness
  programmes
• for clients.
• Draw two large tables to describe the structure
  and function of
• the axial and appendicular skeletons. Your
  descriptions should
• Include the location of all the major bones of
  the skeleton and
• their different types.
• P1 Describe the axial and appendicular skeletons
  and locate and name all the following major
  bones
• Cranium, clavicle, ribs, sternum, humerus,
  radius, ulna, scapula, ilium, pubis, ischium,
  carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, patella,
  tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, vertebral
  column, vertebrae cervical, thoracic, lumbar,
  sacrum and coccyx.

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ANSWER
Axial Appendicular
Cranium (Flat) Ribs (Flat) Sternun (Flat) Vertebral Column Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum and Coccyx (Irregular) Clavicle (Long) Humerus (Long) Radius (Long) Ulna (Long) Scapula (Flat) Ilium (Irregular) Pubis (Irregular) Ishium (Irregular) Carpals (Short) Metacarpals (Short) Phalanges (Short) Femur (Long) Patella (Sesamoid) Tibia (Long) Fibula (Long) Tarsals (Short) Metatarsals (Short)
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Function of the Skeletal System

• Support your bones give your body shape and
  provide the supporting framework for the soft
  tissues of your body
• Protection the bones of your skeleton surround
  and protect vital organs and tissues in your
  body. Your skull protects your brain, your heart
  and lungs are protected by your thorax, your
  vertebral column protects your delicate spinal
  cord and your pelvis protects your abdominal and
  reproductive organs.

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Function of the Skeletal System

• Attachment for Skeletal Muscle parts of your
  skeleton provide a surface for your skeletal
  muscles to attach to, allowing you to move.
  Tendons attach muscles to bone, which provides
  leverage. Muscles pulling on bones act as levers
  and movement occurs at the joints so you can
  walk, run, jump, throw etc.
• You should remember, however, that the type of
  joint determines the type of movement possible.

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Function of the Skeletal System

• Source of Blood Cell Production your bones are
  not completely solid, as this would make your
  skeleton heavy and difficult to move. Blood
  vessels feed the centre of your bones and stored
  within them is bone marrow. The marrow of your
  long bones is continually producing red and white
  blood cells. This is an essential function as
  large numbers of blood cells, particularly red,
  die every minute.

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Function of the Skeletal System

• Store of minerals bone is a reservoir for
  minerals such as calcium and phosphorus,
  essential for bone growth and the maintenance of
  bone health. These minerals are stored and
  released into the bloodstream as required,
  facilitating the balance of minerals in your
  body.