Glandular Epithelium

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Glandular Epithelium

• Main Function Secretion
• Location Lie in clusters deep to the covering
  and lining epithelium

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Two Types

• Endocrine
• Exocrine

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Endocrine

• Secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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Endocrine

• Location pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands

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Exocrine

• Secrete products that are released onto the skin
  surface or into the lumen of a hollow organ.

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Exocrine

• Products secreted mucus, sweat, oil, earwax,
  saliva, and digestive enzymes.

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Exocrine

• Most glands are multicellular, but some are
  single-celled like goblet cells.

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Exocrine Glands

• Merocrine secretion - their products are
  synthesized on fixed ribosomes (RER), package in
  the golgi apparatus in secretory vesicles and
  released via exocytosis.

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Exocrine Glands Continued

• Holocrine secretion - a secretory product
  accumulates in the cytosol. Once the cell
  matures it bursts and the cell itself becomes the
  secretory product.
• Example Sebaceous glands

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Connective Tissue

• Vascular except cartilage and tendons

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Connective Tissue

• Has a nerve supply

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Connective Tissue

• Two major components
• Cells
• Matrix

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Types of Cells

• 1. Mesenchymal Cells Mesodermal embryonic
  cells that give rise to cells of the connective
  tissue.

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Types of Cells

• 2. Fibroblasts Immature cells that secrete the
  matrix in loose and dense connective tissue.

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Types of Cells

• 3. Chondroblasts cells that secrete the matrix
  in cartilage.

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Types of Cells

• Once the matrix is produced, chondroblasts
  differentiate into mature cells called
  chondrocytes.

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Types of Cells

• 4. Osteoblasts Immature cells that secrete the
  matrix in bone.

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Types of cells

• Once the matrix is produced, osteoblasts
  differentiate into mature cells called osteocytes.

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Types of Cells

• Macrophages Engulf bacteria and cellular debris
  by phagocytosis.

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Types of Cells

• Found in lungs and spleen

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Types of Cells

• Plasma Cells They secret antibodies.
  (Antibodies are proteins that attack foreign
  substances)

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Types of Cells

• Found in salivary glands, lymph nodes, red bone
  marrow, GI tract, and respiratory tract.

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Types of Cells

• Mast Cells Produce histamine. (Histamine
  dilates small blood vessels when the body
  undergoes injury or infection)

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Types of Cells

• Found in blood vessels

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Type of Cells

• Adipocytes Are fat cells that store
  triglycerides.

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Type of Cells

• Found below skin, around the heart and kidney.

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Types of Cells

• 9. White Blood Cells Not normally found in
  connective tissue. They Migrate from the blood
  into connective tissue in cases of infection,
  parasitic invasion, and allergic responses.

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Connective Tissue Matrix

• Consists of
• Ground Substance
• Fibers

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Ground Substance

• Between cells and fibers

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Ground Substance

• Supports cells and binds them together

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Ground Substance

• Composed of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion
  proteins, and proteoglycans.

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Fibers

1. Collagen
2. Elastic
3. Reticular

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Collagen

• Strong and resist pulling forces

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Collagen

• Occur in bundles parallel to each other

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Collagen

• Found in bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments

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Elastic

• Strong and can be stretched up to 150 of their
  relaxed length.

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Elastic

• Contain the property elasticity.

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Elastic

• Found in skin, blood vessel walls, and lung
  tissue

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Reticular Fibers

• Provide support and strength

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Reticular Fibers

• Thinner than collagen fibers and form branching
  networks

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Reticular Fibers

• Form a network around cells in areolar, adipose,
  and smooth muscle tissue.

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Reticular Fibers

• Found in spleen and lymph nodes.

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Types of Connective Tissue

• Mesenchyme
• Mucous connective tissue
• Areolar connective tissue
• Adipose connective tissue
• Reticular connective tissue
• Dense regular connective tissue
• Dense irregular connective tissue

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Types continued

• Elastic Connective Tissue
• Hyaline Cartilage
• Fibrocartilage
• Elastic Cartilage
• Bone tissue
• Blood tissue
• Lymph

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Mesenchyme

• Irregular shaped mesenchymal cells

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Mesenchyme

• Ground substance contains reticular fibers

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Mesenchyme

• Mostly found under skin and along bones of embryo

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Mesenchyme

• Function Forms all other connective tissue

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Mucous Connective Tissue

• There are widely scattered fibroblasts.

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Mucous Connective Tissue

• Contains collagen fibers in ground substance.

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Mucous Connective Tissue

• Found in umbilical cord of fetus

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Mucous Connective Tissue

• Support

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Areolar Connective Tissue

• Loose Connective Tissue

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Areolar Connective Tissue

• Contains collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers

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Areolar Connective Tissue

• Contains fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells,
  adipocytes, and mast cells

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Areolar Connective Tissue

• Found in subcutaneous layer of the skin,
  papillary region of dermis of skin, and around
  nerves, blood vessels, and organs

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Areolar Connective Tissue

• Function Attaches skin to underlying tissues
  and organs, strength, elasticity, and support.

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Adipose Tissue

• Loose Connective Tissue

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Adipose Tissue

• Contains adipocytes (store triglycerides)

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Adipose Tissue

• The nucleus and cytoplasm of these cells are in
  the periphery

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Adipose Tissue

• Found in the subcutaneous layer deep to the skin,
  around the kidney and heart, yellow bone marrow.

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Adipose Tissue

• Function Reduces heat loss, supports, protects,
  and serves as an energy reserve

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Reticular Connective Tissue

• Loose Connective Tissue

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Reticular Connective Tissue

• Contains reticular fibers and reticular cells

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Reticular Connective Tissue

• Found in liver, spleen, lymph nodes, red bone
  marrow, blood vessels, and muscles

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Reticular Connective Tissue

• Function Forms the supporting framework of
  organs, binds smooth muscle tissues together,
  filters and removes worn-out blood cells in the
  spleen and microbes in lymph nodes

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Dense Regular Connective Tissue

• Dense Connective Tissue

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Dense Regular Connective Tissue

• Contains collagen fibers arranged in parallel
  bundles

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Dense Regular Connective Tissue

• Shiny white matrix

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Dense Regular Connective Tissue

• Contains fibroblasts in rows in between parallel
  bundles

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Dense Regular Connective Tissue

• Found in tendons and ligaments

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Dense Regular Connective Tissue

• Function Provides attachment between structures

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Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

• Dense Connective Tissue

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Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

• Contains irregularly arranged collagen fibers

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Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

• Few Fibroblasts

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Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

• Found in reticular region of the dermis of skin,
  periosteum, perichondrium, joint capsules,
  pericardium, heart valves, and in membrane
  capsules of kidneys, livers, testes, and lymph
  nodes

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Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

• Function strength

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Elastic Connective Tissue

• Dense Connective Tissue

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Elastic Connective Tissue

• Contains elastic fibers

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Elastic Connective Tissue

• Contains fibroblasts in between fibers

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Elastic Connective Tissue

• Found in lung tissue, walls of elastic arteries,
  trachea, bronchial tubes, and true vocal cords

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Elastic Connective Tissue

• Function Enables organs to stretch

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Hyaline Cartilage

• Cartilage

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Hyaline Cartilage

• Collagen fibers

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Hyaline Cartilage

• Abundant chondrocytes

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Hyaline Cartilage

• Bluish white shiny ground substance

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Hyaline Cartilage

• Found in ends of long bones, ends of ribs, nose,
  parts of larynx, trachea, bronchi, and embryonic
  and fetal skeleton

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Hyaline Cartilage

• Function Gives a smooth surface for movement in
  joints, flexibility, and support

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Fibrocartilage

• Cartilage

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Fibrocartilage

• Collagen Fibers

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Fibrocartilage

• Chondrocytes

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Fibrocartilage

• Pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, menisci of
  knee, and parts of tendons that insert into
  cartilage

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Fibrocartilage

• Function Support and fusion

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Elastic Cartilage

• Cartilage

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Elastic Cartilage

• Elastic Fibers

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Elastic Cartilage

• Chondrocytes

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Elastic Cartilage

• Located in epiglottis, external ear, and auditory
  tubes

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Elastic Cartilage

• Function Support and maintains shape

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Compact Bone

• Bone

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Compact Bone

• Contains osteons

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Compact Bone

• Osteocytes

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Compact Bone

• Found in bones of the body

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Compact Bone

• Function Support, protection, storage, movement

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Blood

• Blood

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Blood

• Blood plasma

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Blood

• Red blood cellls, white blood cells, and platelets

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Blood

• Found in Blood vessels and chambers of heart

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Blood

• Function RBCs transport oxygen and carbon
  dioxide, WBCs involved in immune system response
  and allergic reactions, platelets involved in
  clotting

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Muscle Tissue

• Skeletal
• Cardiac
• Smooth

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Skeletal

• Striated

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Skeletal

• One nucleus

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Skeletal

• Voluntary control

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Skeletal

• Nucleus located in periphery

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Skeletal

• Found attached to bone by tendons

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Skeletal

• Function Motion, posture, and heat production

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Cardiac

• Striated

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Cardiac

• Usually contains one nucleus, but some times
  contains two

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Cardiac

• Involuntary Control

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Cardiac

• Nucleus located in center

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Cardiac

• Fibers Branched

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Cardiac

• Found in Heart wall

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Cardiac

• Pumps blood everywhere

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Smooth

• Nonstriated

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Smooth

• One nucleus

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Smooth

• Involuntary

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Smooth

• Nucleus located in center

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Smooth

• Spindle shaped fibers

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Smooth

• Found in walls of blood vessels, airways to
  lungs, stomach, intestines, gallbladder, urinary
  bladder, and uterus

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Smooth

• Function Motion

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Nervous Tissue

• Neurons nerve cells
• Neurons contain
• Cell body
• Dendrites
• Axons

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Nervous

• Found in nervous system

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Nervous

• Function Converts stimuli to nerve impulses,
  and conducts these nerve impulses to other
  neurons, muscle fibers, and glands

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Membranes

• Made up of epithelial and connective tissue

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Membranes

• 4 types
• Mucous
• Serous
• Cutaneous
• synovial

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Mucous

• Lines the passages of the digestive, respiratory,
  urinary, and reproductive tracts

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Mucous

• Made up of epithelium with areolar connective
  tissue beneath

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Serous

• Lines cavities that are not open to the exterior
  (peritoneal, pleura, and pericardial)

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Serous

• Made up of transudate(fluid that reduces
  friction), mesothelium, and areolar connective
  tissue

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Cutaneous

• Skin

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Cutaneous

• Made up of stratified squamous epithelium,
  areolar connective tissue, and dense irregular
  connective tissue

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Synovial

• Lines joint cavities

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Synovial

• It consists of epithelium with overlying areolar
  connective tissue