Development: differentiating cells to become an organism

1
(No Transcript)
2
(No Transcript)
3
Development differentiating cells to become an
organism
4
(No Transcript)
5
Inverse relationship between smoking and weight
more smoking less weight
6
Effect of smoking on fetal development and how
that can affect adults
7
Adults exposed to smoke as fetuses have higher
risk of obesity and heart disease
8
What is the connection?
9
Obesity, Diabetes, Heart Disease, High Blood
Pressure, Some Cancers all may have some origins
during fetal development.
10
Adults metabolism may react to poor nutrition as
fetuses Adaptation of Thriftiness/Catch Up
Growth.
11
Adults metabolism may react to poor nutrition as
fetusesAdaptation of Thriftiness/Catch Up
Growth. Study of babies born during Dutch famine
of 1944-45
12
Adults metabolism may react to poor nutrition as
fetusesAdaptation of Thriftiness/Catch Up
Growth. Study of babies born during Dutch famine
of 1944-45 20 years later found that these
babies had higher rates of obesity.
13
Adults metabolism may react to poor nutrition as
fetusesAdaptation of Thriftiness/Catch Up
Growth. Study of babies born during Dutch famine
of 1944-45 20 years later found that these
babies had higher rates of obesity. Precise
mechanism is not known
14
What about smoking? 17,000 births studied and
checked at age 16 and 33. Fetuses exposed to
smoking had increased rate of obesity.
15
What about smoking? 17,000 births studied and
checked at age 16 and 33. Fetuses exposed to
smoking had increased rate of obesity and more
smoking meant more obesity.
16
What about smoking? 17,000 births studied and
checked at age 16 and 33. Fetuses exposed to
smoking had increased rate of obesity and more
smoking meant more obesity. For Moms who
abstained during pregnancy, no effect on fetus or
as adult.
17
What about smoking? 17,000 births studied and
checked at age 16 and 33. Fetuses exposed to
smoking had increased rate of obesity and more
smoking meant more obesity. Smoking during first
trimester had same effect as during whole
pregnancy.
18
What about smoking? For diabetes more than 10
cigarettes per day gave a 4 times greater risk of
diabetes.
19
What about smoking? Risk of high blood pressure
also increases with increased exposure to fetus
of smoking during pregnancy
20
Why?
21
Why? Nicotine can inhibit hunger and increase
energy expenditure. This can lead to poor fetal
nutrition.
22
Why? Nicotine causes constriction of blood
vessels, and may limit blood flow to the fetus.
23
Mammalian circulation
AAL 38.8
24
Nicotine causes blood vessels to constrict
25
Why? CO in blood decreases delivery of O2 to
fetus.
26
Why? These are all indirect affects leading to
adaptation to thriftiness Nicotine can inhibit
hunger and increase energy expenditure. Nicotine
causes constriction of blood vessels, and may
limit blood flow to the fetus. CO in blood
decreases delivery of O2 to fetus.
27
Why? Nicotine and other toxins in smoke may
directly affect hormones that direct fetal
development.
28
Hormones are molecules produced in one cell and
signal another.
29
Why? Nicotine and other toxins in smoke may
directly affect hormones that direct fetal
development. Including hormones that direct brain
development.
30
So, Smoking during pregnancy may have indirect
and/or direct affects on fetal development, and
these affects may manifest themselves in adults.
31
Nature and NurtureCorrelation of weight and
relatedness
Correlation of weight (BMI) Identical twins
reared together 80 Identical twins reared
apart 72 Fraternal twins reared
together 43 Biological siblings 34 Parents
and children living together 26 Adopted children
and parents 4 Unrelated children living
together 1
The nature of environmental influences on weight
and obesity A behavior genetic analysis. Grilo,
Carlos M. Pogue-Geile, Michael F. Psychological
Bulletin, Vol 110(3), Nov 1991. pp. 520-537. And
two books by Matt Ridley Nature via Nurture
(2003) and Genome the Autobiography of a
Species in 23 Chapters (1999)
32

• Fetal exposure to smoking can have several
  affects on children, including
• -decreased birth weight
• -increased anti-social behavior

Are these affects genetic or environmental?
See http//sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/
full/2009/203/3?rss1 (and/or) Disentangling
prenatal and inherited influences in humans with
an experimental design Frances Ricea, Gordon T.
Haroldb, Jacky Boivinb, Dale F. Hayb, Marianne
van den Breea, and Anita Thapara PNAS early
editioncgidoi10.1073pnas.0808798106
33
In Vitro Fertilization- fertilization occurs in a
lab, and then the embryo is implanted into a
woman's uterus.
Usually the pregnant woman is related to the
embryo, but sometimes they are unrelated.
34
The average birth weight for all babies born to
smoking mothers was lower...
35
Anti-social behavior was only different if the
child and mother were related...
36
...So birth weight reductions were strongly
nurture (environmental)...while increases in
anti-social behavior were strongly nature
(genetic)
birth weight
anti-social behavior
37

• Experiment Written Report
• Title- Concisely describe your experiment.
• Author
• Abstract- Summarize your work. Do not exceed 250
  words.
• Introduction-
• Results-
• Discussion-
• Materials and Methods-
• References- include author name(s), article
  title, journal or book title, volume and page
  number, and year of publication
• Staple your approved proposal to the back of your
  written report.

38
What is a reliable source?
xkcd.com
39
Building Blocks of Scientific Literature
What is peer review?
peer review
40
In a peer reviewed journal each article is looked
at by an editor, and then it is then sent to two
anonymous reviewers. These reviewers send
comments back to the associate editor.
41
After each article is sent to the editor, it is
then sent to two anonymous reviewers. These
reviewers send comments back to the editor. They
give suggestions for improvement as well as an
opinion about whether it should be published or
not.
42
The editor then has three choices Accept paper
as is. (rare) Accept paper and ask for some
changes. Reject paper. (20-80 rejection rate in
physical sciences)
Scholarly Consensus and Journal Rejection Rates.
Lowell L. Hargens (Feb., 1988) American
Sociological Review 53 139-151 and Bang for Your
Buck Rejection Rates and Impact Factors in
Ecological Journals. The Open Ecology Journal
(2008) L.W. Aarssen, T. Tregenza, A.E. Budden,
C.J. Lortie, J. Koricheva and R. Leimu 1 14-19
43
Who reviews papers? Other researchers
knowledgeable in the field.
44
What is a reliable source?
xkcd.com
45
What is a reliable source?
46
What is a reliable source?
Can be a great source of sources...
47
What is a reliable source? Who was the
author(s)? Why was it written? Where was it
published? Who checked/reviewed the article?
xkcd.com
48
(No Transcript)